Chapter 4 & 5 Flashcards
Aesthetics
Philosophically, the creation and appreciation of beauty; collectively, the arts (including folklore, music drama, and dance)
Cultural borrowing
The phenomenon by which societies learn from other cultures’ ways and borrow ideas to solve problems or improve conditions.
Cultural congruence
A marketing strategy in which products are marketed in a way similar to the marketing of products already in the market in a manner as congruent as possible with existing cultural norms
Cultural sensitivity
An awareness of the nuances of culture so that a culture can be viewed objectively, evaluated, and appreciated; an important part of foreign marketing
Cultural values
The system of beliefs and customs held by a population in a given culture. (ex: A book by Geert Hofstede describes a study of 66 nations)
Culture
“The human-made part of human environment”
The sum total of knowledge, beliefs, arts, morals, laws, customs, and any other capabilities and habits acquired, shared, and transmitted by humans as members of society
Linguistic distance
The measure of difference between languages; an important factor in determining the amount of trade between nations
Planned change
A marketing strategy in which a company deliberately sets out to change those aspects of a foreign culture resistant to predetermined marketing goals
Social institutions
The methods and systems (including family, religion, school, the media, government, and corporations) that affect the ways in which people relate to one another, teach accepted behaviors, and govern themselves
Four primary dimensions (Geert Hofstede)
- Individualism/Collectivism Index
- Power Distance Index
- Uncertainty Avoidance Index
- Masculinity/Femininity Index (considered least useful)
Bribery
The use of funds, usually illegally, to influence decisions made by public employees and government officials
Cultural elective
A business custom (as in foreign country) to which adaptation is helpful but not necessary
Cultural exclusive
A business custom (as in a foreign country) in which an outsider must not participate; also called an exclusive
Cultural imperative
A business custom (as in a foreign country) that must be recognized and accommodated. Also called an imperative.
Justice or fairness
One of three principles of ethics; it tests an action by asking the action respects the canons of justice or fairness to all parties involved.
Lubrication
Use of funds to expedite actions of public employees and government officials. The payments made to minor officials, may or may not be illegal and are usually inconsequential amounts.
Monochronic time (M-time)
Describes a view of time, typical of Westerners, and something that is linear and can be saved, wasted, spent, and lost. M-time cultures tend to concentrate on one thing at a time and value promptness.
Polychronic time (P-time)
A view of time, as held in “high-context” cultures, in which the completion of a human transaction is more important than holding to schedules. P-time is characterized by the simultaneous occurrence of many things.
Rights of the parties
One of three principles of ethics; it tests an action by asking if the action respects the rights of the individuals involved
Silent language
Term used by Edward T. Hall for the nonspoken and symbolic meanings of time, space, things, friendships, and agreements, and how they vary across cultures; from Hall’s seminal article “The Silent Language of Business”
Subornation
Giving large sums of money (frequently not fully accounted for) designed to entise an official to commit an illegal act on behalf of the one offering the money
Utilitarian ethics
One of three principles of ethics; it tests an action by asking if it optimizes the “common good” or benefits all constituencies
Three principles of ethics
- utilitarian ethics
- rights of the parties
- justice of fairness
Decentralized Decision Making
Allows executives at different levels of management to exercise authority over their own functions
(There is an overall shift to this type of management)
What’s the story of the Cheng family illustrate
Obedience and deference to one’s superiors remain strong in Chinese culture.
(In October 1865, Cheng’s wife beat her mother-in-law, so Cheng and his wife were skinned alive in front of the mother in law, Cheng’s granduncle beheaded, etc)
