Chapter 4/5 Flashcards
Who was one of the first people to look at cells under a microscope and come up with the term cells?
Robert Hooke
This is a tool used to magnify an object 100’s to thousands of times than its original size. It was the first type of its kind made. Can look at living things under it.
Light Microscope
This tool can magnify 100,000’s times the original size using particles. It is used to examine the outside/surface of an object.
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
This tool can magnify 100,000’s times the original size using particles. It is used to examine the inside of a cell.
Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)
This is the idea that all living things are made up of cells and all cells come from existing cells.
Cell Theory
This type of cell is very simple and does not have a nucleus. An example is bacteria.
prokaryote
These cells are complex and large. They have a nucleus and are the types of cells found in our body.
eukaryote
This is the layer that that surrounds all cells. In animal and plant cells it is a phospholipid bilayer.
Plasma Membrane (Cell Membrane)
All the structures that do a specific job in the cell
organelle
This is the genetic material within a prokaryote
nucleoid
The jelly like fluid in prokaryotes. No organelles
cytosol
Jelly like fluid in the cell that includes the organelles
cytoplasm
The cell membrane is made up of two layers called the _____________________. There is a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail.
phospholipid bilayer
This is the membrane for the nucleus
Nuclear Envelope
The brain of the cell. Has all of the information in it.
Nucleus
This is found in the nucleus and is responsible for making ribosome
nucleolus
The long fibers of DNA that are uncoiled in the nucleus
chromatin
This is coiled up DNA that is present when the cell is ready to divide.
chromosome
This organelle is used for transport and is covered in ribosomes
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
This organelle is used for transport and does not have ribosomes
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
The many tiny organelles that are found in the cytoplasm and on the rough ER. They make proteins!!!
ribosome
Organelle that will package and release different substances
Golgi Apparatus
Organelle is filled with digestive enzymes that will break down foods and worn out organelles.
lysosomes
sacs or bubbles that store substances in the cell
vesicle/vacuole
Large compartment found in plants that stores mostly water but can hold wastes and nutrients
Central Vacuole
POWER HOUSE!!! Uses food and turns it into useable energy.
Mitochondria
Organelle in plants responsible for taking sunlight and turning it into food through a process called photosynthesis
chloroplast
structure in plants that surround the cell membrane for shape and support.
cell wall
only found in animals cells and help pull spindles when the cell is dividing.
centrioles
Microfilaments and microtubules that are found throughout the cytoplasm to give the cell some shape and structure.
cytoskeleton
hairlike structures that help with movement and filtering
cilia
Tail/Whip like structure used for movement
flagella
All the chemical reactions that are happening in a body
metabolism
A type of protein that helps speeds up reactions. Their names usually end in “ase”
enzymes
The energy needed to get a reaction started
activation energy
the place on the enzyme where the substrate will join.
active site
The particle that reacts with the enzyme.
substrate
This means that the substrate will join with the enzyme’s specific shape. When it joins, it will cause the reaction to begin.
Induced fit
These bind to active sites and prevent a reaction from occuring
enzyme inhibitor
These are proteins in the cell membrane that help move things accross
transport proteins
The movement of PARTICLES from high concentration to low concentration.
diffusion
When particles are the same throughout but are moving evenly
equilibrium
the movement of particles from high to low concentration through a membrane.
passive transport
movement of particles from high to low concentration with the help of a protein channel
facilitated diffusion
the movement of particles from low to high concentration. Particles are going AGAINST the gradient and need energy to occur.
active transport
the movement of water through a semi-permeable membrane
osmosis
The substance that is in a solution. Example: salt, sugar
solute
You have two solutions and this is the one solution that is higher in solute.
Hypertonic
You have two solutions and this is the one solution that is lower in solute.
hypotonic
You have two solutions and they are equal in solute.
isotonic
something that only allows certain things through the membrane
semi-permeable
The process in which cells take things in
endocytosis
The process in which the cell releases substances out of the cell.
exocytosis
