Chapter 4 Flashcards
What is the defining characteristic of dyslexia?
difficulty in phonological processing
Dyslexia is a _________.
developmental language disorder
Dyslexia is present at _____ and continues through _____.
birth; adulthood
What are the deficits seen in those with dyslexia?
- storing, retrieving, and using phonological codes in memory
- phonological awareness and speech production
- learning to decode and spell printed words
Later deficits in ___ and ___ can be seen in those with dyslexia.
reading comprehension; written language
Children need ____, ____, and ______.
exposure to print; instruction in how print works; opportunities to practice
What is joint book reading?
when a parent reads to their child, and both are focusing on the pictures and words
Joint book reading accounts for ____ of variance in reading outcomes.
8%
Are children at a higher risk or lower risk with less exposure to print?
higher risk
What is used to rule out lack of instruction as a cause of reading disorders?
Response to intervention
_____ of instruction makes a difference in reading disorders.
intensity
____ identification is needed for reading.
letter
What is the Matthew Effect?
Children who have poor readers have fewer opportunities for practice, less desire to read, and if teachers have low expectations, do not feel motivated to succeed.
What chromosomes are impacted in those with dyslexia?
1, 6, and 15
Is there a genetic basis for reading disorders?
Yes
___% chance of siblings to have reading disorders.
40
___% chance of identical twins to have reading disorders.
68
___% chance of fraternal twins having reading disorders.
40
What is the planum temporale?
structure in the temporal lobe involved in language processing
What other areas of the brain are useful for reading?
corpus callosum, inferior parietal lobe, and cerebellum
What are the three neural systems used for reading?
Dorsal, Ventral, and Frontal
Where is the dorsal neural system for reading?
temporoparietal
What is impacted if there is an infarction in the dorsal neural system?
phonological processing and mapping of letters and sounds
Where is the ventral neural system for reading?
occipitotemporal
What is impacted if there is an infarction in the ventral neural system?
processing visual word forms
Where is the frontal neural system for reading?
inferior frontal gyrus
What is impacted if there is an infarction in the frontal neural system?
effortful phonological processing
Children with dyslexia have ____ activation of the dorsal route and ____ frontal route activation.
less; more
Infants that have a lack of neural response to sound are ____ at risk for dyslexia.
more
Reversals are typical until age ____.
7
