Chapter 1 Flashcards
Deficits in language and literacy may result in…
problems using language to communicate
You need sound and letter knowledge to ____ ____.
decode words
You need ____ ____ for reading comprehension.
fluent decoding
When spelling and writing, you need __ and __ level awareness to pair sounds with letters.
sound and word
phonemic and phonological
Decoding for reading involves (4)
letter identification, letter sound awareness, sight words, and print awareness
What is print awareness?
the knowledge that letters make up words
How is print awareness learned?
joint book reading
Reading comprehension involves (4)
vocabulary, context, multiple meaning words, and type of literature (nonfiction/ fiction)
Assessment of written language includes the assessment of (4)
letters, words, sentences, and paragraphs
When looking at written letters what are we assessing?
accuracy, handedness, spacing and size
When looking at written words, what are we assessing?
capitalization and spacing
When looking at written sentences, what are we assessing?
word order, punctuation and meaning
When looking at written paragraphs, what are we assessing?
narratives, descriptions of pictures, sequencing, and structure
What are language- based learning disabilities?
problems with age-appropriate reading, spelling, and/or writing
Dyslexia is primarily with ____ or ____ words NOT _____ language.
written or printed; spoken
What are 9 deficits associated with language based learning disabilities?
- word recall/ expressing ideas clearly
- learning new vocab
- understanding questions
- following directions
- recalling numbers in sequence
- letters and numbers
- learning ABCs
- spelling
- memorizing times tables
What does the broad view of reading emphasize?
higher-level thinking
What is the problem with the broad view of reading?
it combines decoding and comprehension
What are the two SEPARATE components that make up the simple view of reading?
decoding and comprehension
What is decoding?
word recognition processes that transform print into words
What is comprehension?
the process by which words, sentences and discourse are interpreted
If you have good decoding and good language comprehension then you have….
typical reading
If you have poor decoding and good comprehension then you have….
dyslexia
If you have poor decoding and poor comprehension then you have…
mixed decoding and comprehension deficit
If you have good decoding and poor comprehension then you have…
specific comprehension deficit
What is the focus of the narrow view of reading?
decoding only
Describe the bottom up model.
spoken and written language comprehension starts with the initial detection of the stimulus and goes through stages where the info is chunked together into larger units
Describe the top down model.
if the child is familiar with content they can construct meanings and this facilitates comprehension
The top down model puts importance on _____.
schemata
What is a schemata?
scripts that allow for predictions about the info being processed
Describe the interactive model of communication.
Children need word recognition and higher-level conceptual knowledge to be good readers
Can parallel processing occur in the interactive model?
yes
Describe the connectionist model.
the lexicon is an interactive network of connections between 2 levels of processing
What are the two levels of processing in the connectionist model?
orthographic (letters) and phonological (sounds)
What are the two types of input?
auditory (speech) and visual (print)
What are the two types of perceptual analysis that take place?
auditory (hearing the sounds) and visual (seeing the letters)
Children need to know that ____ represent phonemes.
graphemes
There are ___ letters in the alphabet that represent more than ___ sounds.
26;47
There is a need to know the ____ and possible ____ in print.
letters; combinations
If a child has limited letter recognition and/ or phonemic awareness there will be a ___ ___.
reading problem
What occurs at the word recognition level of comprehension?
phonological representation, word meaning, and visual representation
Children with auditory or vision deficits may have ___ and ___ language deficits.
spoken and written
What is phonetic discrimination?
the ability to hear the difference between 2 sounds that differ acoustically and phonetically
What is detection?
ability to perceive a signal
What is discrimination?
the ability to see the visual differences between letters
What is an example of poor visual discrimination in reading?
inability to tell the difference in /b/ and /d/
If a child cannot tell differences in letters, it will _____ impact decoding and writing.
negatively
What is identification?
knowledge of the correspondence between letters and phonemes
Is it possible for a child who reads words incorrectly to have an identification problem and NOT a discrimination problem?
yes
Words that are seen or heard must be associated with concepts stored in the ___ ___.
mental lexicon
The content of the mental lexicon is the same for ___ and ___.
reading and spoken language
What information is included in the mental lexicon?
visual form, phonological info, word meaning, and syntactic info
What is processing speech?
When the phonological representation is directly linked to semantic meaning
What are the two ways that reading can be accessed?
directly (visual representation) and indirectly (phonological representation)
How is reading accessed directly?
visual representation; Look and say –> whole word processing words for sight words and familiar words
How is reading accessed indirectly?
phonological representation; decode the words sound by sound and then blend them together
When accessing reading indirectly, the child must have the knowledge that words have ___ ____ ___.
discrete phonemic segments
What is the dual route model?
reading can be accessed using word recognition, visual/ lexical info and phonological info
What is discourse level processing?
processing sentences, conversations, lectures, and stories
What is structural knowledge?
knowledge of word order, grammatical morphemes, and function words
What are function words?
conjunctions, pronouns, and models
What are grammatical morphemes?
adverbs, adjectives, verbs, and nouns
What is word order for a statement?
subject+ verb+object
What is the word order for a question?
verb + subject?
If a child struggles with discourse level processing, they will have deficits in
sentence formation, following directions, and answering questions
What is a proposition?
an idea-unit that has a predicate and related arguments
What is an example of a proposition?
Using the word “give”
- someone giving
- object given
- recipient of object
Deficits in prepositional knowledge can impact (4)
- composition of sentences
- understanding meaning of sentences
- sentence structure
- understanding/ sequencing info
What are the four types of world knowledge?
situation model representations, specific content domains, procedural knowledge and interpersonal knowledge
What are situation model representations?
individual knowledge of the world aids in comprehension
What are specific content domains?
academic subjects like science and math
What is procedural knowledge?
scripts about the knowledge of familiar events (tying shoes or driving a car)
What is interpersonal knowledge?
knowledge of feelings, attitudes, and human needs
What are discourse processing models?
the relation of construct representations to each other and the meaning of information inferences based on prior knowledge
Children must decide which information should be remembered / discarded based on ____ ____ or the type of info.
prior knowledge
Kintsch(1998) said …
the reader has a goal to read and uses previous experiences and knowledge to comprehend that info
Children construct meaning from ___ and ___.
schema and discourse
What is schema?
structure in memory for general arrangement
familiar events and scripts that occurf
What are the parts of a schema?
main event, participant, goals, position of each actions, and additional info
What is discourse?
stories and story grammars
What are stories?
the mental framework for setting, goal, obstacle, and resolution
What are story grammars?
the hierarchical relations among components
What is the structural organization of story grammars?
setting and episode
What occurs during the setting?
introduce the characters and context
What occurs during the episode?
initiating the event, internal response, attempt, consequence, and reaction
What is understanding? (5)
management of working memory, inference generation, construction of coherent representations, complex dynamic system, and metacognitive ability
What is metacognitive ability?
the need of basic processes to encode, store and retrieve info
Metacognitive ability is needed more for learning to ___.
read
When learning to read, a child needs explicit knowledge of the ____ _____ of speech..
phonological aspects
In 2008 how many adults were illiterate?
796 million
What is needed to learn spoken language?
analysis of utterances into small units and analysis of speech stream
What are the 7 characteristics of written and spoken language?
physical, situational, functional, form, vocab, grammatical, and processing
What are physical characteristics of spoken language?
temporal ordered sounds with short durations
What are situational characteristics of spoken language?
face-to face, questions, answers, time pressures, and nonverbal expressions
What are functional characteristics of spoken language?
labeling objects, telling stories, giving info
What are form characteristics of spoken language?
pitch, quality, manner, and prosody
What are vocab characteristics of spoken language?
limited number of words, speakers have shared concepts, pronoun references, and current expressions
What are grammatical characteristics of spoken language?
low in density and high in redundancy, can repeat words, and refine expressions
What are processing characteristics of spoken language?
higher level context info
What are the physical characteristics of written language?
written, can be read and reread, reader controls speed of reading, different fonts, lower case, uppoer case, provide clues
What are the situational characteristics of written language?
writer does not get immediate feedback, prompts, can correct and revise, need more precise and distinct words
What are the functional characteristics of written language?
keep accurate records, history, building ideas, email, texting, quick communication
What are the form characteristics of written language?
letters on paper, punctuation is important, statements vs. questions
What are the vocab characteristics of written language?
dense and precise, clear and ambiguous
What are the grammatical characteristics of written language?
lexically dense, low in redundancy
What are the processing characteristics of written language?
may skip short words/ skimming
T/F: There are reciprocal and important relationships between spoken lang, reading and written lang?
True
Children with deficits in oral lang, reading, and written lang are classified as
language and learning disabled
T/F Children can be language and learning disabled if they only have deficits in oral language and reading?
False–> they must have deficits in oral lang, reading, and written lang
T/F SLP’s are not responsible for having foundational knowledge of the processes of spoken lang, reading, and written lang?
False
