Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biosphere at Risk > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Competition

A

Multiple organisms seek the same limited resource

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Intraspecific competition

A

Members of the same species competing (More intense competition)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Interspecific competition

A

Members of different species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Competitive exclusion

A

The inevitable elimination from a habitat of one or two different species with identical needs/ similar resources
Driving one species to extinction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Resource partitioning

A

Species divide the resources they use in common by specializing in different ways
Character displacement-
Leads to speciation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Predation

A

Process by which individuals of one species: The predator, hunts, kills, and consumes individuals of another species: The Prey

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Fundamental Vs. Realized Niche

A

Fundamental: All resources they are capable of using

Realized: Much narrower - species often out-competed on certain resources, then adapt to specialize in one particular resource

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Parasitism

A

The parasite depends on another - the host - for nourishment/ does the host harm

Cowbird
Tapeworm
Lamprey

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Herbivory

A

Animals feed on the tissues of plants. Generally, they do not eat the whole plant, they don’t kill it

Plant adaptions:
Poison
Thorns
Thick membrane 
Caffeine
Cocaine 
Nicotine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Mutualism

A

Relationship in which two or more species benefit from interacting with one another

Pollination
Seed dispersal

Species:
Mycorrhizal fungus - helps plants grow
Microbiota

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Red queen Hypothesis

A

Alice in Wonderland: Co-evolutionary arms race. have to keep running to stay in place. Have to run twice as fast to get ahead

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Community structure section

Community:

A

An assemblage of populations of organisms living in the same area at the same time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Trophic Level

A

Ranks in the feeding hierarchy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Producers

A

(Autotrophs) - Self feeders, 1st trophic level,

Cyanobacteria, green algae, phytoplankton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Consumers

A

Organisms that consume producers

2nd and 3rd level consumers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Detrivores

A

Consume nonliving organic matter
Millipedes, soil insects
Larger breakdown

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Decomposers

A

Consume nonliving organic matter
Fungi and Bacteria
Microscopic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Trophic structure

A 
1000 ---100---10---1
Tertiary consumers 
Secondary consumers 
Primary consumers 
producers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Evolutionary Adaptations (Prey & Predator)

A 
Predators:
Nocturnal vision 
Muscles - speed/strength 
claws
teeth
brains
Venom
Camo

Prey:
Cryptic coloration
Warning colors
Mimicry

20
Q

Food web

A

Visual map of energy flow

21
Q

Food chain

A

Linear series of feeding relationships

22
Q

Ecosystem Engineer

A

Organism that modifies, creates, or destroys habitat and directly or indirectly modulates the availability of resources to other species

EX: Beaver, Wolves

23
Q

Invasive species

A

Organism that is not native to a specific location, has a tendency to spread and become a major pest, Causes damage to the environment

EX Brown tree snake on Island of Guam

Predation release: Lack of competition
Distinctive niche
Increased rep. rates

24
Q

Keystone species

A

Species that has strong or wide-reaching impacts on its environment/ecosystem

***Strong impact that is out of proportion to its abundance

25
Q

Trophic Cascade

A

when one important species is removed, the void causes a whole cascade of other interconnected issues to arise

26
Q

Community disturbance

A

An event that has rapid & drastic impacts on environmental conditions, resulting in changes to the community & ecosystem

EX: A tree falls, Hurricanes, Tornadoes

Primary disturbance:
Volcano, glacier retreat, landslides

27
Q

Resistance

A

A community that resists change and remains stable despite a disturbance

No empty niches
High primary productivity

28
Q

Resilience

A

Environment changes in response to disturbance, but later returns to its original state. How well it grows back.

29
Q

Succession

A

If a disturbance is severe enough to eliminate all or most of the species in a community, the affected site may undergo predictable changes -

30
Q

Primary succession

A

Follows a severe disturbance, where no veggies remain or soil life. A new community must grow from scratch.

31
Q

Secondary succession

A

Where a disturbance dramatically alters an existing community, but does not destroy all organic matter. vestiges still remain

32
Q

Pioneer species

A

Species that arrive first and colonize new substrate

33
Q

Climax community

A

Primary/secondary succession eventually leads to a climax community until the next disturbance

34
Q

Restoration ecology

A

Research on historical conditions of ecological communities, then they devise ways to restore altered areas back to near original conditions

Very expensive after the fact

35
Q

Earth’s Biomes

A

A major regional complex of similar communities large-scale ecological units

Biome factors: 
Soils
Precip
Climate - long term averages 
elevation
rate of fires 
Limiting resources
36
Q

Climatograph

A

Summary of precip and temp for area

37
Q

Biography

A

What’s the climate
what does the climate allow for
what animals are present

38
Q

Temperate deciduous forest

A 
Dominates the landscape around southern great lakes 
Broad-leafed trees
Fertile soil
Plenty of moisture 
Competing for light 
Deciduous trees loose their leaves

Human activities:
deforestation
development
industry

39
Q

Temperate grasslands

A

Extreme temp. differences between winter and summer months. End of summer drought, seasonal precip is the limiting factor

Grazing important - buffalo, bison, prairie dogs, and chickens, ground hogs, mustangs, hares

Grass retains its meristem underneath the soil, keeps growing back

Human activities:
Agriculture development 
Bread basket of US
Massive aquifer drying up 
Horrible place to grow food
40
Q

Temperate Rain forest

A

Location: Seattle, Washington: Coastal pacific northwest

Heavy rainfall, not enough light, moss/lichens everywhere, fertile soil, coniferous evergreens, cedar, spruce, hemlock

spotted owls, grizzly bears

Human activities: Logging

41
Q

Tropical rain forest

A

Year-round rain/ uniform warm temps, highest species diversity, light is limiting, dark, damp interior, lush

Jaguars, frogs, monkeys, birds, plants

Logging for farmland is huge

42
Q

Tropical dry forest

A 
Dry all year round/ overall low precip 
India/Africa
Monsoon season their is sufficient rain 
Then it turns extremely dry
trees do well with deep roots 
Kangaroos, snakes
43
Q

Savanna

A

Tropical grassland, clusters of trees stand close to resources
Dormancy of plants during dry season

lions, giraffes, wildebeest

44
Q

Desert

A

Rainfall very sparse
Driest biome on earth
CAM plants: minimizes water loss
Dry during day, moist at night

Adaptations:
camels - eyelids, water humps
Nocturnal creatures
salt pellets

plants have
spines, thorns, prickles, protect themselves

45
Q

Tundra

A

Very high latitudes, Russia, Canada
Extremely cold winters/little daylight, summer
Lichens scrubby vegetation
permafrost

46
Q

Boreal forest

A

Northern Coniferous forest/taiga
Black spruce, bogs, lakes
Nutrient poor soil, soil is acidic

Logging and oil extractions

47
Q

Chaparral

A

California
evergreen shrubs, densely thicketed
Mild wet winters, warm dry summer

Biosphere at Risk (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions