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Biosphere at Risk > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Environmental Science

A
  • human interaction with natural world; study of natural world & humanities role within it
  • natural world=untouched by humans
  • applied goal of finding solutions to environmental problems
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2
Q

Environmentalism

A
  • social movement dedicated to protecting the natural world

- activism. protesting

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3
Q

Natural Resources

A

things humans need; not renewable; i.e. the sun

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4
Q

Renewable resources

A

can be reproduced; time scale (months/years); trees, crops

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5
Q

Nonrenewable resources

A

subject to depletion; fossil fuels, gas

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6
Q

Ecological footprint

A

the impact of a person or community on the environment, expressed as the amount of land required to sustain their use of natural resources

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7
Q

Solutions to reduce Ecological Footprint

A

consume fewer resources, find more resources/ productive land, increase productivity of current areas, fewer people

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8
Q

Scientific Process

A
  • scientific method of hypothesis testing
  • verb: to do science; experiments
  • noun: body of knowledge
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9
Q

Law

A

something observed and repeated in nature; not an attempt to explain it

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10
Q

Theory

A

explanation of a law; based on lots of data and support; theory of why something is

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11
Q

Paradigm Shifts

A

whole scientific community changes their opinion/way of thinking; i.e. sun is center of the universe not the Earth

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12
Q

Consensus Science

A

scientists have consensus well established on things they agree on

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13
Q

Frontier Science

A

cutting edge still good science; new ideas; be a little leary

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14
Q

Junk Science

A

bad; usually agenda driven; i.e. oil companies do their own research and it isn’t supported by anyone else; politically or financially driven

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15
Q

Anecdotal Evidence

A

very powerful stories that influence you; i.e. story about shooting on news makes you fearful but statistics don’t change; be skeptical of them

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16
Q

Pseudoscience

A

appears to be scientific but it isn’t; the belief that humans are affected by stars; astrological signs; technology is a pseudoscience

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17
Q

Ethics

A

the study of good and bad; right and wrong; moral principles/ values

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18
Q

Ethical Standards

A

criteria that differentiate right from wrong

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19
Q

Environmental Ethics

A

ethical standards to relationship between people and nonhuman entities

20
Q

Instrumental Value

A

value has means to an end; utility; i.e. trees=wood and paper

21
Q

Intrinsic value

A

value in and of itself

22
Q

Anthropocentrism

A

human-centered view of our relations with the environment

23
Q

Biocentrism

A

value to living things and the biotic relam

24
Q

Ecocentrism

A

judges actions of both living and nonliving things and their effects of the whole ecological system

25
Q

Preservation ethic

A

we should protect the natural environment in a pristine unaltered state; John Muir; set aside places and not touch them

26
Q

Conservation ethic

A

we should put natural resources to use but that we have a responsibility to manage them; Pinchot

27
Q

The Land Ethic

A

people should embrace the environment in their ethical outlook; Leopold; people and land are members of the same community and both need to be treated respectfully; humans are a part of nature not separate

28
Q

Environmental Justice

A

involves the fair and equitable treatment of all people with respect to environmental policy regardless of their race, income or ethnicity

29
Q

Sustainability

A

living within our planet’s means so that the Earth can sustain life for the future

30
Q

Natural capital

A

similar to a bank account; harvesting too much=depletion of Earth’s resources

31
Q

Culture

A

a way a group of people live specific to a geographic location

32
Q

Worldview

A

individualistic; effected by how you were raised, location, religion, media, politics, economics, culture

33
Q

Metaphysical issues

A

is there a truth? God, life force, spirit? good vs. evil; falls outside natural science

34
Q

Universalism

A

people believe there is a Truth/God, religion, Plato

35
Q

Relativism

A

truth depends on time and space and where you live

36
Q

Virtue ethics

A

characterizes individuals character; what you are doing in the moment

37
Q

Virtues and Vices

A

Virtues=generosity, wisdom, courage, justice, concern for environment (not a given)
Vices=glutiny, pride. jealousy, greed, injustice

38
Q

Deontological (Duty) Ethics

A
  • Know there is a God
  • duty to enrich the soul, talents; getting educated/ going to college
  • don’t harm the body, take care of it, eat healthy, work out
  • duty to others, Emmanuel Kant: treat others the way you want to be treated (Golden Rule) never use others as a means to an end
39
Q

Consequentialism

A

action is morally right if the consequences are more favorable than unfavorable/the ends justify the means

40
Q

Egoism

A

consequences to YOU are more favorable than unfavorable; maintains self-moral interest motivates actions; self-interest; our own good

41
Q

Altruism

A

consequences to OTHERS are more favorable than unfavorable; some motivation for doing good is due to inherent benevolence

42
Q

Utilitarism

A

consequences are more favorable to EVERYONE

43
Q

Moral Psychology

A

psychological basis for moral judgments; what motivates us to be moral; approval from parents/ peers to avoid punishment; religion avoid guilt

44
Q

Emotion

A

go with your gut; feeling; desires (David Kume)

45
Q

Reason

A

logical; thinking things through; lists (Emmanuel Kant)

46
Q

Transcendentalism

A

experiencing nature you can experience the divine; Emerson, Thoreau, Whitman

Biosphere at Risk (4 decks)

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