Chapter 4 Flashcards
1
Q
define hydrocarbon
A
a hydrocarbon is a compound comprised of carbon and hydrogen atoms only
2
Q
what is a saturated hydrocarbon?
A
a saturated hydrocarbon contains no pi bonds
(saturated = as many hydrogens as possible)
3
Q
IUPAC stands for?
IUPAC nomenclature
A
international union of pure & applied chemistry
standardized words for describing chemicals
4
Q
describe an alkane (in words)
A
an alkane is a saturated hydrocarbon
it is H & C, with no pi bonds
5
Q
1 (prefix)
A
meth
6
Q
2 (prefix)
A
eth
7
Q
3
(prefix)
A
prop
8
Q
4
(prefix)
A
but
9
Q
5
(prefix)
A
pent
10
Q
6
(prefix)
A
hex
11
Q
7
(prefix)
A
hept
12
Q
8
(prefix)
A
oct
13
Q
9
(prefix)
A
non
14
Q
10
(prefix)
A
dec
15
Q
11
(prefix)
A
undec
16
Q
12
(prefix)
A
dodec
17
Q
13
(prefix)
A
tridec
18
Q
14
(prefix)
A
tetradec
19
Q
15
(prefix)
A
pentadec
20
Q
20
(prefix)
A
eicos
21
Q
30
(prefix)
A
triacont
22
Q
40
(prefix)
A
tetracont
23
Q
50
(prefix)
A
pentacont
24
Q
100
(prefix)
A
hect
25
meth?
1
26
eth?
2
27
prop?
3
28
but?
4
29
pent?
5
30
hex?
6
31
hept?
7
32
oct?
8
33
non?
9
34
dec?
10
35
undec?
11
36
dodec?
12
37
tridec?
13
38
tetradec
14
39
pentadec
15
40
eicos
20
41
triacont
30
42
tetracont
40
43
pentacont
44
hect
100
45
cyclo means?
cyclo means ring
46
alkane with 1 carbon atom in parent chain is called?
methane
47
alkane with 2 carbon atom in parent chain is called?
ethane
48
alkane with 3 carbon atom in parent chain is called?
propane
49
alkane with 4 carbon atom in parent chain is called?
butane
50
alkane with 5 carbon atom in parent chain is called?
pentane
51
alkane with 6 carbon atom in parent chain is called?
hexane
52
alkane with 7 carbon atom in parent chain is called?
heptane
53
alkane with 8 carbon atom in parent chain is called?
octane
54
alkane with 9 carbon atom in parent chain is called?
nonane
55
alkane with 10 carbon atom in parent chain is called?
decane
56
alkane with 20 carbon atom in parent chain is called?
eicosane
57
alkane with 50 carbon atom in parent chain is called?
pentacontane
58
alkane with 100 carbon atom in parent chain is called?
hectane
59
what are substituents?
substituents are groups connected to the parent chain
60
naming of alkanes -- base
find the longest parent (might be a ring)
if multiple possibilities, find the one with the most substituents
61
cyclopropane
62
cyclobutane
63
cyclopentane
64
what are alkyl groups?
substituents on an alkane
65
ethyl group
66
methyl group
67
cyclopropyl
68
propyl
69
common name for:
isopropyl
70
common name for:
sec-butyl
71
common name for:
isobutyl
72
common name for:
tert-butyl
73
common name for:
isopentyl
OR
isoamyl
74
common name for:
neopentyl
75
draw a neopentyl group
76
draw an isopentyl group
77
draw a tert-butyl group
78
draw an isobutyl group
79
draw an isoamyl group
80
draw a sec-butyl group
81
draw an isopropyl group
82
what is a locant?
a locant is the # assigned to a carbon in a parent or substituent
83
how do you name a bicyclic compound?
1. count the total number of carbons -- this gives you the bicycloXane
2. place a #1 at a bridgehead and number the rest of the carbons from there
3. count how many carbons are on either side of the bridgeheads (not counting the bridgeheads!) --\> both sides and the bridge!
4. from largest # to smallest number,
bicyclo[Y,W,Z]Xane
(ex: bibcyclop(3,1,1)heptane)
84
what is a bicyclic compound?
a bicylic compound is a compound containing two fused rings
(bi = two, cyclic = ring)
(ex: bicyclo[1,1,1]pentane)
85
as molecular size (weight) of alkanes increases, the number of constitutional isomers possible \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
increases
86
describe COMBUSTION for an alkane
combustion:
alkane + oxygen --\> CO2 + water
(compresion --\> heat)
87
during combustion, a more stable isomer of an alkane gives off ________ heat energy
less
88
during combustion, a less stable isomer of an alkane gives off ________ heat energy
more
89
branched alkane isomers are ________ stable than straight-chain isomers
more
90
what is the heat of combustion?
it is the heat given off to the surrounding environment during combustion (burning)
91
what is petroleum?
petroleum is a complex mixture of hundreds of hydrocarbons, most of which are alkanes
a.k.a. crude oil
92
what is refining?
refining is the process of separating crude oil (pretroleum) into commercially available products
93
what is cracking?
cracking is the process of breaking C-C bonds in larger alkanes, to produce smaller alkanes (more suitable for gasoline)
94
what are the 2 types of cracking?
thermal cracking (high temp)
catalyst cracking (aid of catalysts)
95
what is reforming?
reforming is converting straight-chain alkanes into branched hydrocarbons and aromatic compounds
96
what is knocking?
knocking happens in the engine when there are too many straight-chain hydrocarbons in the gasoline. branched & aromatic hydrocarbons are mixed in to reduce the likelihood of knocking.
97
draw a Newman Proejction with a staggered conformation
98
draw a Newman projection with an eclipsed conformaion
99
if two conformations have the same energy level, they are said to be \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
degenerate
100
what is torsional strain?
torsional strain is the the difference in energy between the staggered and eclipsed conformations
101
Newman Projections
what is the energy cost of an eclipsed H-H?
4 kJ/mol
102
Newman Projections
what is the energy cost of an eclipsed H-CH3?
6 kJ/mol
103
Newman Projections
what is the energy cost of an eclipsed CH3-CH3?
11 kJ/mol
104
Newman Projections
what is the energy cost of a gauche CH3-CH3?
3.8 kJ/mol
105
draw the chair conformations of cyclohexane
106
draw the chair conformation of cyclohexane and note with positions are axial and which are equatorial
107
what does cis mean with respect to cyclohexane?
both of the identical groups are on the same face
108
what does trans mean with respect to cyclohexane?
the identical groups are on opposite faces
109
draw the chair conformation of cyclohexane and mark one cis face. which positions are on the cis face & which positions would be opposite that side (trans)?
110
CHART
111
