Chapter 4

Question 1

Learning

Answer 1

A relatively permanent change in behavior acquired through experience.

Question 2

Classical conditioning

Answer 2

The process of learning by which a previously neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response identical or similar to the one that was originally elicited by another stimulus as the result of the pairing or association of the two stimuli

Question 3

Unconditioned response

Answer 3

An unlearned response to a stimulus.

Question 4

Neutral stimulus

Answer 4

He stimulus that before conditioning does not produce a particular response.

Question 5

Conditioned response

Answer 5

And acquired or learned response to a conditioned stimulus.

Question 6

Conditioned stimulus

Answer 6

A previously neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a conditioned response after it has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus

Question 7

Extinction

Answer 7

The gradual weakening and eventual disappearance of a conditioned response.

Question 8

Spontaneous recovery

Answer 8

The spontaneous return of a conditioned response following extinction

Question 9

Reconditioning

Answer 9

The process of relearning a conditioned response following extinction

Question 10

Phobias

Answer 10

Excessive fear is of particular objects or situations

Question 11

Behavioral therapy

Answer 11

A form of therapy that combines behavioral and cognitive treatment techniques

Question 12

Conditioned taste aversions

Answer 12

Aversions to particular taste acquired through classical conditioning.

Question 13

Operant conditioning

Answer 13

The process of learning in which the consequences of a response determine the probability that the response will be repeated.

Question 14

Skinner box

Answer 14

An experimental apparatus developed by B.F.Skinner for studying relationships between reinforcement and behavior.

Question 15

Positive reinforcement

Answer 15

The strengthening of a response through the introduction of a stimulus after the response occurs

Question 16

Negative reinforcement

Answer 16

The strengthening of a response through the removal of the stimulus after the response occurs

Question 17

Punishment

Answer 17

The introduction of an aversive stimulus or the removal of the reinforcing stimulus after a response occurs, which leads to the weakening or suppression of the response.

Question 18

Cognitive learning

Answer 18

Learning that occurs without the opportunity of first performing the learned response or being reinforced for it.

Question 19

Latent learning

Answer 19

Learning that occurs without apparent reinforcement and that is not displayed until reinforcement is provided

Question 20

Observational learning

Answer 20

Learning by observing and imitating the behavior of others (also called vicarious learning)

Question 21

Unconditioned stimulus

Answer 21

A stimulus that elicits and unlearned response.