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chapter 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

biofuels

A

produced from plant and animal products

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2
Q

fossil fuels

A

gasoline, cars run on this

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3
Q

oils and fats, like gasoline, contain chains of carbon and hydrogen atoms bound together. Breaking these bonds are forming new, lower energy bonds releasing large amounts of energy, and and

A

water and carbon dioxide

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4
Q

the production of biofuels requires what

A

plant or animal sources, sunlight, air, water, and a short amount of time

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5
Q

production of fossil fuels requires

A

plant and animal remains, and millions of years

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6
Q

biofuels are or are not a renewable source

A

they are

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7
Q

photosynthesis

A

process by which plants captures energy from the sun and stores it in the chemical bonds of sugars

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8
Q

cellular respiratrion

A

process in which all living organisms release the energy stored in the chemical bonds of food molecules and use it to fuel their lives

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9
Q

the energy from sunlight is stored in the chemical bonds of molecules, and when these bonds are broken, what is released

A

energy, even if the bond is made of a fossil fuel, biofuel, or molecule of food, energy is released

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10
Q

energy

A

capacity to do work

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11
Q

kinetic energy

A

energy of motion;
ex legs pushing a bike pedals
birds flapping wings
heat

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12
Q

potential energy

A

an object doesn’t have to be moving to have the capacity to do work, stored energy that results from an object’s location or position
-doesn’t involve movement
ex water behind dam, water can flow through and spin a waterwheel
concentration gradient, moving from a high to low concentration

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13
Q

chemical energy

A

storage of energy in chemical bonds (a type of potential energy)

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14
Q

how is the sun’s energy divided?

A

less than 1%: captured and transformed into usable chemical energy by organisms through photosynthesis
30% space/absorbed by land and oceans
70% atmosphere and heat

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15
Q

kinetic energy to potential energy

A

light energy from the sun, to energy transformed into heat, to chemical energy stored in plants

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16
Q

potenetial energy to kientic energy

A

chem energy stored in muscles and liver
energy transformed into heat
kinetic energy of forward motion

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17
Q

thermodynamics

A

the study of transformation of energy from one type to another, such as potential energy to kinetic energy

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18
Q

first law of thermodynamics

A

energy can never be created or destroyed, can only change from one form to another

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19
Q

second law of thermodynamics

A

every conversion of energy is not perfectly efficient and invariably includes the transformation of some energy into heat
-quantity of energy in the universe isn’t changing, the quality is; little by little, the amount of energy that is available to do work decreases

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20
Q

adenosine triphosphate ATP

A

free floating molecule found in cells that act like a rechargeable batterys, temporarily storing energy that can be then used for cellular work in plants, animals, bacteria, and all other organism on earth
-will be available when neded

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21
Q

describe the structure of atp

A

three components:
center has two of the components: small sugar molecule attached to adenine
third component: attached to the sugar and adenine is a chain of there negatively charged phosphate groups, three negative charges that repel one another, bc they store a large amount of energy that is stressed and unstable

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22
Q

cells temporarily store energy in the bonds of

A

atp molecules

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23
Q

potential energy can be converted to what and used for what

A

kinetic energy and used to fuel life sustaining chemical reactions
or k energy can be converted to p energy

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24
Q

when plants grow where does the new tissue come from

A

carbon dioxide

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25
Q

what else can photosynthesize?

A

some bacteria, and many other unicellular organisms such as kelp and other multi cellular algae

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26
Q

three inputs for photosynthesis

A

light energy from the sun, carbob]n dioxide from the atmosphere, and water from the ground

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27
Q

products of photosynth

A

sugar and oxygen

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28
Q

chlorpolasts

A

light harvesting organelles that hold the process of photosynthesis

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29
Q

stroma

A

sac-shaped organelle filled with fluid

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30
Q

thlakoids

A

floats in the stroma

interconnected membranous structures, look like pancakes

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31
Q

where does the conversion of light energy to chemical energy (“photo”) part of photosynth occur?

A

inside the thylakoids

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32
Q

where does the production of sugars (place where “synthesis” occurs) part of photo synth occur?

A

within the stroma

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33
Q

chlorophyll

A

molecule in chloroplasts that make the capture of light energy possible

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34
Q

light energy

A

type of kinetic energy that is made up of photons

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35
Q

photons

A

energy packets organized into waves

can heat things

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36
Q

the shorter the wavelength the ___ energy the photon carries

A

more

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37
Q

electromagnetic spectrum

A

a range that extends from extremely short, high energy gamma rays and x rays with wavelengths as short as one nanometer

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38
Q

pigments

A

light absorbing molecules

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39
Q

how do pigments work?

A

the absorb wavelengths of light within a visible range, and the energy in stimulating these nerves in our eyes then transmit electrical signals to our brains. We perceive different wavlengths within the visible spectrum as different colors

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40
Q

where is chlorophyll located

A

thylakoid membrane

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41
Q

chlorophyll a

A

primary photosynthetic pigment

absorbs red and blue violet wavelengths of light

42
Q

which color does chlorophyll a not absorb?

A

green and instead reflects those wavelengths

43
Q

chlorophyll b

A

absorbs blue and red-orange wavelengths, and reflects yellow-green wavelengths

44
Q

carotenoids

A

type of pigment that absorbs blue-violet and blue-green wavelengths and reflects yellow, orange, and red wavlengths

45
Q

an electron in a photosynthetic pigment that is in the excited state has two fates:

A

1) electron returns to its resting, unexcited state, releasing energy in the process, which may bump other electrons in a nearby molecule
2) excited electron is passed to another molecule

46
Q

where does the reactions of the calvin cycle occur?

A

stroma of the leaves’ of chlorplasts

47
Q

how do plants carry out the calvin cycle?

A

with energy stored in the ATP and NADPH molecules that are built in the “photo” part of photosynth

48
Q

How is the calvin cycle like magic

A

it takes individual molecules of co2 from the air and uses them to assemble visible, edible molecules of sugar

49
Q

what are the three steps to the calvin cycle

A

fixation, sugar creation, and regeneration

50
Q

Why is evaporation a problem for plants

A

bc water is essential to photosynth, growth, and the transport of nutrients; without water, plants can’t live long without water

51
Q

stomata

A

small pores on the underside of leaves; they’re primary sites for gas exchange in plants: carbon dioxide enters, and oxygen is generate as a by product and exits
when open stomata also allow water to evaporate from the plants

52
Q

why do plants close their stomata

A

to prevent too much water from evaporating

53
Q

how does closing the stomata cause problems

A

oxygen from the “photo” reactions of photosynth can’t be released from the chloroplasts, and carbon dioxide can’t enter

54
Q

length of a wave:

A

amount of energy the photon contains

55
Q

plant pigments do what to specific wavelengths?

A

absorb

56
Q

chlorophyll is the main pigment molecule in plants that

A

absorb light energy from the sun

57
Q

“photo” in photosynthesis is when

A

sunlight hits the chloroplasts of a plant’s leaves and some of the energy in this sunlight is captured and stored in ATP and in another molecule, NADPH

58
Q

NADPH

A

stores energy by accepting high-energy electrons

59
Q

How is the chlorophyll a molecule different from the rest of the pigments?

A

when its electrons are boosted to an exctied state, they do not return to their resting, unexcited state; they continually lose they’re excited electrons to a nearby molecule (primary electron acceptor)

60
Q

primary electron acceptor

A

acts like an electron vacuum; passes high energy electrons from chlorophyll a to another molecule, who passes it to another molecule, etc

61
Q

electron transport chain steps

A

1) electrons move through the etc, releasing a little energy and falling to a lower energy state
2) the released energy powers proton pumps that move hydrogen ions from the stroma and pack them inside the thylakoid
3) protons rush out of the thylakoid with great kinetic energy, which can be used to build ATP

62
Q

what happens in each step in the ETC sequence of electron handoffs?

A

electrons fall to a lower sequence of electron handoffs, the electrons then fall to a lower energy state, and then a little bit of energy is released; these bits of energy are then used to power pump the thylakoid membrane that move protons from the stroma to the inside of the thylakoid

63
Q

summary of the “photo” reaction components

A

1) water splitting photosystem
2) 1 ETC
3) NADPH producing photosystem
4) 2 ETC

64
Q

What happens during the water splitting photosystem during the “photo” reaction components of photosynthesis

A

light energy is used to transfer electrons to the primary electron acceptor, electrons are donated by water, releasing oxygen and hydrogen ions as the products

65
Q

what happens during the first etc in the “photo” reaction component of photosyntheis

A

High energy electrons are used to pump hydrogen ions into the thylakoid. The KE from the release of these ions are used to build ATP

66
Q

What happens during the NADPH-Producing photosystem during the “photo” reaction component of photosynthesis?

A

light energy is used to transfer electrons to the primary electron acceptor, electrons are donated by the ETC

67
Q

what happens during the 2 ETC of the “photo” components of photosynthesis?

A

High energy electrons are passed to NADP+ creating a NADPH

68
Q

fixation

A

plants take carbon from the air in the form of carbon dioxide and then attach/”fix” it to a visible organic molecule within the chloroplast, using an enzyme called rubisco

69
Q

what enzyme is used in fixation

A

rubisco

70
Q

sugar creation

A

organic molecule is modified into a small sugar (G3P) using energy from ATP & NADPH

71
Q

Regeneration

A

g3p molecules are rearranged to regenerate the original five carbon molecule in the cholorpolast
-clavin cycle can continue to fix teh carbon and produce molecules of g3p

72
Q

c4 photosynthesis

A

these types of plants produce an enzyme that function like sticky tape; the enzyme ahs a tremendously strong attraction for carbon dixoxide, and can find/bind carbon even when co2 is very low;
as a consequence, the plant’s stomata can be opened just a tiny bit, and let in just a little CO2.

73
Q

c3 advantage/disadvantage vs c4 advantage/disadvantage

A

c3: energy efficient//water lost to evaporation in hot climates
c4: water loss minimized in warm climates//requires more energy

74
Q

CAM photosynthesis

A

night: open stomata and let co2 into the leaves, where it binds temporarily to a holding molecule then during the day, when a carbon source is needed to make sugars int he calvin cycle, the co2 is needed to make sugars in the calvin cycle, the co2 is graudually released from the holding molecule, enabling photosynthesis to proceed while keeping the stomata closed to reduce water loss

75
Q

CAM advantage/disadvantage

A

water loss minimized in hot climates//requires more energy, slow growth

76
Q

cellular respiration

A

chemical bonds of sugar and other energy rich food molecules are broken down to release the energy that went into creating them

77
Q

input/output of cellular respiration

A

sugar and oxygen//atp molecules (energy), water, and carbon dioxide

78
Q

first step of cellular respiration

A

glycolysis

79
Q

to generate energy such fuels and glucose and other carbohydrates, such as proteins and fats, what three steps are used?

A

1) glycolysis,
2) krebs
3) etc

80
Q

glycolysis

A

splitting of sugar;

glucose is broken down, resulting in two molecules of a substance called pyruvate

81
Q

where does glycolysis occur

A

cytoplasm, and uses energy released from breaking chemical bonds in food molecules to produce ATP and NADH

82
Q

second step of cellular respiration

A

krebs cycle

-extracts energy from sugar

83
Q

kreb cycle

A

produces additional molecules of ATP, and captures a huge amount of chemical energy by producing high energy electron carriers

84
Q

when a chlorophyll molecule absorbs light, exciting an electron, the chlorophyll molecule

A

gains potential energy

85
Q

where do replacement electrons for chlorophyll a come from?

A

water molecules

86
Q

What is the outcome of the flow of protons across the thylakoid membrane into the stroma?

A

the generation of ATP from the differences in photon concentration

87
Q

why must plants get water for photosynthesis to occur

A

water replaces electrons used during the “photo” reactions

88
Q

what links the “photo” reactions with the “synthesis” reactions

A

atp and nadph

89
Q

what is regenerated in the calvin cycle

A

organic molecule

90
Q

why does feeding sugars to cut flowers help keep them alive longer?

A

sugar provides an energy source for cellular molecules

91
Q

A plant whose leaves are reddish yellow is NOT absorbing light from which wavelengths of the visible light spectrum?

A

red and yellow

92
Q

What is the source of the electrons that replace those lost by chlorophyll a in the photosystems?

A

water

93
Q

Which of the following statements most accurately depicts the relationship between the light reactions and the Calvin cycle in photosynthesis?

A

The light reactions provide ATP and NADPH to the Calvin cycle and the Calvin cycle returns ADP, NADP+, and a phosphate group to the light reactions.

94
Q

NAD+ vs NADH

A

NADH carries one additional proton and two additional high-energy electrons

95
Q

outcome of glycolysis?

A

breakdown of a glucose molecule into two smaller pyruvate molecules

96
Q

glycolysis net worths what

A

2 atp and 2 nadh per molecules of glucose

97
Q

Which metabolic processes results in the production of ATP in the absence of oxygen?

A

glycolysis

98
Q

If ATP is being generated in the cytosol, which of the following processes is responsible?

A

glycolysis

99
Q

Where are the molecules of the mitochondrial electron transport chain located?

A

within the inner membrane

100
Q

What happens to electrons as they are passed down the photosynthetic electron transport chain from the primary electron acceptor?

A

they fall to a lower energy state and some energy is released

Biology 101 (7 decks)

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