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Biology 101 > Ch. 5 > Flashcards

Ch. 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

DNA is important because it’s an ____ and carries ___, which are most important of all biological knowledge bc it contains instructions for the function of every enzyme and cell in our bodies and carries the evolutionary history of cells/organisms

A

identifier; Genes

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2
Q

How can DNA serve as an individual identifier?

A

every person’s DNA is unique and leaves a trail of DNA behind us as we go about lives

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3
Q

DNA is which type of macromolecule

A

nucleic acid

-nucleic acids store info, DNA stores genetic info

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4
Q

nucleotides are made up of what

A

three components: a molecules of sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen containing molecule called a base

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5
Q

base

A

nitrogen containing molecule

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6
Q

what are the “backbones” of DNA

A

two distinct strands, like the vertical sides of a ladder

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7
Q

what are the “backbones” made up of

A

two alternating molecules: sugar and a phosphage group (then sugar then a phosphate group)

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8
Q

sugar is always..

A

deoxyribose

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9
Q

what is the role of the alternating sugars and phosphates

A

support

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10
Q

what’s important about the rungs of the ladders in DNA

A

one of four bases: adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine or A,T,C,G

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11
Q

THE BASES BIND TO THE LADDER VIA WHAT

A

HYDROGEN BONDS AND BASE PAIRS

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12
Q

A pairs with

A

T

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13
Q

C pairs with

A

G

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14
Q

does the sugar backbone convey genetic information?

A

no, it holds the base sequences

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15
Q

why is DNA considered the universal code for all life on earth?

A

it embodies the instructions for building the cells and structures for almost every single living organism on earth

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16
Q

An organism’s _____ is similar to a cookbook

A

DNA;

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17
Q

why is DNA like a cookbook

A

cookbooks contain detailed instructions on how to make a variety of foods/dishes, and an organism’s DNA carries the detailed instructions to build an organism and keep it running

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18
Q

How does a DNA sequence be viewed as a code?

A

by the nucleotide base pairs, the dna makes up a code that holds the instructions for the building of the organism

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19
Q

genome

A

full set of dna present in an individual organism

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20
Q

how are DNA stored in prokaryotes and bacteria?

A

in circular peices

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21
Q

how is DNA stored in eukaryotes and humans?

A

Chromosomes, strands of DNA; humans have 23 and two copies of each, so 46. (copy from mom and dad)

22
Q

locus/loci

A

location or position of a gene on a chromosone

23
Q

gene

A

sequence of bases/base pairs in a DNA molecule that carries info for producing a functional product, usually a polypeptide or RNA molecule

24
Q

each gene is the instruction set for producing one particular molecule, usually a what

A

protein

25
Q

how come there are different versions of the same characteristic?

A

some individuals have slightly different instructions sets for a given protein, and the instructions result in different versions of the same characteristic

26
Q

alleles

A

alternative versions of a gene that code for the same feature

27
Q

trait

A

any single characteristic or feature of an organism

28
Q

describe relationship between the size of an organism’s genome and the organism’s complexity

A

there isn’t one

29
Q

non-coding DNA was known as

A

junk DNA

30
Q

what type of organisms have the most “junk DNA”?

A

Euakryotes

31
Q

introns

A

where 25% of the non-coding regions occur within genes

32
Q

about 75%of the non-coding regions occur where

A

between genes

33
Q

what have scientists found out about noncoding dna?

A

encodes extremely short RNA molecules.. about twenty nucleotides long that function in gene regulation

34
Q

transcription

A

copy of a gene’s base sequence is made

35
Q

translation

A

the copy that was just made in transcription is used to direct the production of a polypeptide, which then, in a response to a variety of factors, including the cellular environment, folds into a functional protein

36
Q

where are the base pairs/code copied during transcription in eukaryotes?

A

the middle man molecule called messenger RNA aka mRNA

37
Q

where does transcription occur in prokaryote4s

A

cytoplasm bc it doesnt have a nucleus

38
Q

where does transcription occur in eukaryotes?

A

nucleus

39
Q

what is done with the copy made in translation?

A

used to direct the production of a polypeptide

40
Q

In transcription, the info coded in DNA is copied into what

A

mRNA

41
Q

If dna is like a cookbook filled with recipes, transcription and translation are like what

A

cooking

42
Q

step 1 of transcription

A

recognize and bind
Enzyme RNA polymerase recognizes a promoter site which tells teh RNA polymerase to “start here.” RNA polymerase then binds to the DNA molecule at the promoter site and unwinds it a little bit so that one strand of DNA could be read

43
Q

Promoter site

A

sequence in a gene that indicates the start of a gene

44
Q

step 2 of transcription

A

transcribe
as dna is being processed through the RNA polymerase, the RNA polymerase builds a copy called a “transcript” of the gene from the dna molecule. the copy becomes a messenger RNA bc once the copy of the gene is created, it can move elsewhere in the cell and its message can be translated into a protein

45
Q

what’s different about the pairing bases in transcription?

A

a pairs with u, uracil

46
Q

step three of transcription

A

terminate
once the rna polymerase comes to the termination sequence, it stops creating the transcript and detaches from the dna molecule

47
Q

termination sequence

A

sequence of bases on DNA at the end of a gene

48
Q

what happens after termination to the mrna molecule?

A

becomes a free-floating, single-strand copy of the gene

49
Q

step four of transcription

A

capping and editing
extra processing before translated into a protein; the cap and tail are added at the beginning and end of the transcri[pt, like the fron and back covers of a book

50
Q

does step four of transcription occur in all cells?

A

in prokaryotes the dna is ready to be translated into a protein bc it doesnt have a nuclear membrane to cross, but in eukaryotes mrnas have to do the extra step because of their nuclear membrane

Biology 101 (7 decks)

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