Chapter 4

Question 0

What does milieu interieur mean?

Answer 0

Homeostasis

Question 1

Who is considered the father of modern biology?

Answer 1

Claude Bernard

Question 2

What of the ethical theories motivates medical research?

Answer 2

Utilitarianism

Question 3

What does the Nuremberg code describe?

Answer 3

How medical test subjects should be treated
Voluntary consent essential
The subject should always be able to stop at any time

Question 4

What ethical theory best describes the Nuremberg code?

Answer 4

Deontology

Question 5

What did the the declaration of Helsinki update on the Nuremberg code?

Answer 5

Relaxed the rigidity of obtaining consent
They must obtain consent “when at all possible” but can also perform experiments if the person cannot make that descision, but a proxy gives consent

Question 6

What were two well known abuse experiments discovered in the United States?

Answer 6

Tuskegee victims

MK Ultra

Question 7

Define equipoise

Answer 7

Balances of forces and interests
Example: if different drugs are being tested on a group, and one of the drugs works way better, we should give that drug to re entire control group if the other drugs aren’t working

Question 8

Define therapeutic research

Answer 8

Likely to benefit the subject

Question 9

Define non-therapeutic research

Answer 9

Not intended/unlikely to benefit the subject

Question 10

Define Phase 1

Answer 10

Different levels of the drug are tested.
20-80 people
Non therapeutic

Question 11

Define phase 2

Answer 11

Tests optimal dosing, side effects
100-300
Non therapeutic

Question 12

Define phase 3

Answer 12

Drug effectiveness

1000-3000

Question 13

Define phase 4

Answer 13

Post approval, on-going market testing

Question 14

Who believed that out descendants deserve an unplundered planet, not miracle cures?

Answer 14

Hans Jonas

Question 15

How do drug companies try to get returns on their investments?

Answer 15

Suppressing or manipulating undesirable results
Control over researchers
Lobbying govt
Manipulating the poor

Question 16

Who thought of animals as machines?

And thought that pain exists only in the understanding?

Answer 16

Rene Descartes

Question 17

What did Kant warn about cruelty in animals?

Answer 17

The actions to animals could be mirrored toward people

Question 18

Who said that those who regard animal life as worthless can arrive at the same conclusion for people?

Answer 18

Albert Scheitzer

Question 19

How does the Bentham utilitarianism view animal experimentation?

Answer 19

The right thing involves pleasure and minimum pain

Question 20

How does mills utilitarianism extend to animal experimentation

Answer 20

Can be justified in the name of the greater good

Question 21

Define speciesism

Answer 21

Discrimination by humans against other races of animals!!! Oh my!

Question 22

What do animal loving reformists want?

Answer 22

Research on animals that doesn’t cause too much pain

Question 23

What do animal loving abolitionists want?

Answer 23

No experimentation on animals

Question 24

How did Hans Jonas feel about surrendering his body to medical experimentation?

Answer 24

It is entirely outside the enforceable social contract

Question 25

What is meant by “the right for the children to be left an unplundered planet, not miracle cures”?

Answer 25

Miracle cures a good, but not needful

Question 26

Is Jesus awesome?

Answer 26

Yes

Question 27

How did John Harris argue about medical trials

Answer 27

People who enjoy the cures should be obligated to take part in the experimentation

Question 28

What is clinical equipoise?

Answer 28

an honest, professional disagreement between the doctors as to the preferred treatment