Chapter 4 Flashcards
What does milieu interieur mean?
Homeostasis
Who is considered the father of modern biology?
Claude Bernard
What of the ethical theories motivates medical research?
Utilitarianism
What does the Nuremberg code describe?
How medical test subjects should be treated
Voluntary consent essential
The subject should always be able to stop at any time
What ethical theory best describes the Nuremberg code?
Deontology
What did the the declaration of Helsinki update on the Nuremberg code?
Relaxed the rigidity of obtaining consent
They must obtain consent “when at all possible” but can also perform experiments if the person cannot make that descision, but a proxy gives consent
What were two well known abuse experiments discovered in the United States?
Tuskegee victims
MK Ultra
Define equipoise
Balances of forces and interests
Example: if different drugs are being tested on a group, and one of the drugs works way better, we should give that drug to re entire control group if the other drugs aren’t working
Define therapeutic research
Likely to benefit the subject
Define non-therapeutic research
Not intended/unlikely to benefit the subject
Define Phase 1
Different levels of the drug are tested.
20-80 people
Non therapeutic
Define phase 2
Tests optimal dosing, side effects
100-300
Non therapeutic
Define phase 3
Drug effectiveness
1000-3000
Define phase 4
Post approval, on-going market testing
Who believed that out descendants deserve an unplundered planet, not miracle cures?
Hans Jonas
How do drug companies try to get returns on their investments?
Suppressing or manipulating undesirable results
Control over researchers
Lobbying govt
Manipulating the poor
Who thought of animals as machines?
And thought that pain exists only in the understanding?
Rene Descartes
What did Kant warn about cruelty in animals?
The actions to animals could be mirrored toward people
Who said that those who regard animal life as worthless can arrive at the same conclusion for people?
Albert Scheitzer
How does the Bentham utilitarianism view animal experimentation?
The right thing involves pleasure and minimum pain
How does mills utilitarianism extend to animal experimentation
Can be justified in the name of the greater good
Define speciesism
Discrimination by humans against other races of animals!!! Oh my!
What do animal loving reformists want?
Research on animals that doesn’t cause too much pain
What do animal loving abolitionists want?
No experimentation on animals
How did Hans Jonas feel about surrendering his body to medical experimentation?
It is entirely outside the enforceable social contract
What is meant by “the right for the children to be left an unplundered planet, not miracle cures”?
Miracle cures a good, but not needful
Is Jesus awesome?
Yes
How did John Harris argue about medical trials
People who enjoy the cures should be obligated to take part in the experimentation
What is clinical equipoise?
an honest, professional disagreement between the doctors as to the preferred treatment
