Chapter 4 Flashcards
Nucleus membrane
Thin membrane covering the nucleus that separates the nucleus and the cytoplasm
Chromatin
Chromatina substance within the nucleus that contains DNA and proteins
Chloroplast
Organelles in plant cells that trap energy from the sun to make energy
Golgi body
An organell that sorts and packages proteins
Mitochondrial
An organelle that produces energy and is the power house of the cell. It changes glucose into energy
Organelle
Specialized organ inside the cell
Cell wall
Tough rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane
Enzymes
Proteins that help speed chemical reactions within the cell.
Cell membrane
A thin protective covering for the cell and it’s selectively preamble.
Genes
A segment of DNA located at a specific place on a chromosomes each contains info to produce proteins.
Cytoplasm
A jelly like substance that holds the info structure for the rest of the cell.
Nucleus
An organelle that controls all actively in the cell. Also has a membrane the is selectively preamble.
Proteins
Essential material required for the cell to carry out it’s functions
Ribosomes
Makes proteins and transports them
Nuclear pores
Openings in the nuclear membrane that allows things to go in and put of the nucleus.
ER
Channels that transport the materials.
Deoxyribonucleic acid
A biological molecule found in the cell nucleus. Carry genetic information. It is passed on through generation to generation from reproduction.
Chromosomes.
Thread like substance in a cells nucleus that carries genes.
Nucleolus
Membrane free organelle that floats in the interior of the nucleus. It’s main job is to make ribosomes.
Vesicles
Sacs that form off the end of the ER. They transport proteins and water mainly.
Hormones
Substances such as proteins are released from specific glands to control particular cellular activities such as growth.
Vacuoles
Membrane covered storage containers
DNA?
Is a set of code or instructions that tell your body what to do.
Full name of DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid
What is the twisted ladder shape called.
Double helix
What are the sides of the DNA ladder made of
Phosphate and sugar
The steps in the DNA ladder model are made of what?
Four nitrogen bases adenosine, thymine, guanine, cytosine.
What bases are always placed together?
A and T
G and C
Where and how is DNA stored?
It is stored in the nucleus as chromatin
What happens to chromatin when the cell it’s in divides?
It uncoils in to chromosomes
How many chromosomes do humans have and how many pairs.
46 and 23 pairs
XX=
Female
XY=
Male
What are genes
DNA segments that store information to produce proteins
Where can you find genes?
They are small parts on your chromosomes.
Why are proteins essential.
Because they are essential for cellular functions
What are chromosomes composed of?
DNA
What are the two long stranded molecules called?
DNA
What carries out the instructions of the nucleus?
The DNA
Everything that occurs in the cell are based on?
The arrangement of how the bases in the DNA are placed.
How does DNA exist in the nucleus?
in the form of chromatin.
What does chromatin contain?
Most of the time DNA and proteins
Within each strand of chromatin how many molecules are there.
1
What happens when a cell is ready to divide?
The chromatin golds into a very compact x structure called chromosomes.
What are used to make proteins?
DNA and genes.
How many chromosome are in all of your cells?
46
Are all of your chromosomes read?
No. Only some are read to produce specific proteins.
How is a cell specialized to carry out a specific function?
By only “reading” certain proteins which carry out a specific tasks.
What are enzymes?
Proteins that speed up chemical reactions?
What is an example of a enzyme?
Digestive enzymes help break down food
What type of protein are hormones?
Chemical messengers
Name step one of production of a protein?
The nucleus receives a chemical signal to make a specific protein.
Second step?
The DNA message for a specific protein and it is copied into a small molecule called ribonucleic acid or RNA
Step three?
RNA leaves through a nuclear pore
Step four?
RNA message is delivered to the ribosomes. The ribosomes make the protein.
Step 5?
The manufactured protein enters the ER.
Step 6?
A vesicles forms off of the ER and carries the protein to the Golgi body
Step 7?
The Golgi body repacks the protein for transport out of the cell.
Step 8?
Another crackle forms off of the Golgi body to carry it the cell membrane.
Step 9?
The vesicles attaches to the cell membrane and it’s proteins contents are real des out of the cell.
Gene mutation?
A change in the specific order of the ATCG pattern that make up a particular gene.
Gene therapy
Technique developed to alter mutated genes in order to make them function normally.
Positive mutation
A mutation that be fits the organism and increases it’s chance of survival.
Negative mutation
A mutation that harms an organism or reduces the chance of reproducing or survival.
Neutral mutation
Does not affect the organism or does not increase of decrease the survival rate
Mutagens
Substance of factors that can cause mutation in DNA
What is the function of the cell membrane?
To allow only certain things to enter the cell
Describe the cell wall
Tough ridged and hard
What is the function of the mitochondria?
The power house of the cell. Turns glucose into energy
Where do proteins go after the ER?
The Golgi body to be packages.
What the main function of the nucleolus?
To produce ribosomes
What are the parts of the DNA molecule?
The sides(phosphate and sugar) and four bases AT CG
Describe how bases pair up in the DNA?
AT CG.
How many chromosomes does a human body cell have?
46
What are genes?
Small parts of DNA that produce specific proteins
Where are genes located
On small parts on the chromosome
What must happen before a new proteins is made?
The nine steps
What is the RNA?
A small molecule that DNA is copied into to.
How is the message carried from the nucleus to the ribosomes?
The message is copied into the RNA and it leaves through a nuclear pore.
What happens to the protein after it leaves the cell?
They will leave to go carry out tasks such as creating tissues
Explain the function of genes in the cell?
Genes the information to creat thousands of different proteins. 90000-100000
how is information from the DNA transported put of the nucleus?
Through and with nuclear pores and RNA
Where are ribosomes manufactured?
Nulcealos
What happens if a required cell cannot be created in an organism?
It will have a mutation
What’s one form of gene therapy.
To replace the mutated gene or faulty gene with a new healthy copy
How do viruses cause mutation?
They disrupt the instructions stored in the genes. The instructions are miss read or copied.
ATCCG to ACCG is what mutation?
Deletion
ATCCG to ATTCG is what mutation?
Substation?
AATTCG to AATTCCG is what?
Addition
What are three different affects a mutation can have?
Neutral, positive, and negative
Give an example of a positive mutation?
Dele copping a protein that fights HIV
Why is a spirt bear white fur coat a neutral mutation?
Because it does not affect the survival rate of the animal
What is the propose of gene therapy?
To replace the mutated genes with health ones
An “arrow” must go inside the body and find the mutated genes. The “arrow” used is often an intact virus which carries the healthy gene to the diseases cells.
The healthy gene will only be used if the doctors can shoot the “arrow” the intact virus into the nuclei of millions of target cells. Then the patients cells must activate the healthy genes so the patients can produce the healthy proteins.
To switch on the gene, the healthy gene must attach to what
The chromosomes
In order to make proteins the new “healthy gene” that was brought in by gene therapy must be….
Read by the cell
The healthy gene must make……..
The right among of proteins
