Chapter 4 Flashcards
What has occupational crime been applied to?
Acts in which financial gain or status is sought in the context of performing one job’s
What has occupational crime oriented with?
Offenses committed by individuals within the context of a legitimate occupation and specifically made possible by that occupation
What does occupational deviance applied to?
Activities deviating from norms of employees, professional associations, or coworkers within an occupational setting. such as malingering or sexual harassment
What does workplace crime applied to?
Conventional forms of crime, such as robbery or rape, which occur at the workplace
Who primarily commits these crime?
Middle and upper-class individuals
What are some of the deceptive and illegal activities that businesses engage in?
Deceptive and fraudulent advertising, illegal pricing practices, sale of fraudulently represented merchandise, purchase and resale of stolen goods, exploitation of employees through exposure to hazardous conditions or nonpayment of social security taxes, evasion of sales tax, and payoffs to inspector and other public officials
What are common crimes in the restaurant industry?
Underreporting income; overstating deductions; keeping two sets of books; making false entries in records; claiming personal expenses as business expenses; claiming false deductions; failing to pay employment taxes; and hiding assets
What does caveat emptor mean?
Buyer beware
What were the 25% involved in serious deceptions?
Misrepresenting an inferior product as a more expensive one. Ex: Gas stations inflate the octane rating for the lower octane they sell and kosher foods
What are other deceptive practices in retail crime?
- Adulteration of products (tap water sold as spring water)
2. “Short-weighing” (providing less meat than the customer pays for)
What are other forms of retail deception?
- Sale price for items that are not available and then are sold higher-priced items
- Bar-code prices that do not reflect advertised sale prices
- Collection of “taxes” for nontaxable items
What are some disturbing deceptive practices?
- Conceal food spoilage (soaking meat in salt and vinegar, and using “cosmetic surgery” to conceal mold)
- Unhygienic food-handling practices were widely reported, and restaurant owners often paid off health inspectors to avoid fines or closures
What were some of the cases in New York City?
Inflating charges on customers’ credit cards; fixing prices on food orders; cheating workers out of benefits and wages
What was a photo studio accused of?
Taking large payments from couples for wedding photos, and then failing to produce those photos
What did Robert Ray Courtney plead guilty to?
Diluting drugs prescribed for a large number of cancer patients
How were the poor overcharged?
Sold inferior or shoddy goods, victimized by deceptive credit practices, complicated consumer contracts, and lawsuits threatening wage garnishment.
What were a chain of rental centers founded of?
To have charged customers over a 100% interest in some cases on high-price, low-quality furniture and appliances-often not even new
How have immigrant workers found to have been cheated?
By their employers in many cases on wages and tips
Who published the American Way of Death and what was it about?
Jessica Mitford shocked the American public by posing the unscrupulous practices of the funeral industry
Who wrote Tender Loving Greed and what was it about?
Adelaide Mendelson exposed scandalous practices, in the nursing home industry.
Who are often well positioned to cheating customers?
Repair service businesses
What does profession refer to?
- Occupations characterized by higher (graduate level) education and training
- Specialized technical knowledge and skills
- A high degree of autonomy
- Monopolistic, or near control over services offered to clients and patients
- Substantial authority over clients and subordinates
- Legal responsibilities and professional codes of ethics
- Licensure and accreditation requirements
- A fundamental claim to the attributes of a “calling” with altruistic and public service goals
- A professional subculture with its own language and generalized value system
- Professional associations that promote the interests of the profession and are charged with policing it
What did E.H. Sutherland noted?
Number of illegal acts committed by the medical profession was “probably less criminal than other professions”
What activities were involved in the medical field?
- Fee splitting or taking and offering kickbacks
- Price fixing
- Conflicts of interest arising through ownership or clinics and pharmacies
- Cooperation by corporate employers
- Unnecessary operations, tests, and other medical services.
- Conducting controversial and often harmful forms of experimental surgery without patients’ consent
- False and fraudulent billing
- Filing of illegal prescriptions
- False testimony in court cases
- The production of iatrogenic diseases
- Fraudulent activity relating to medical license exams, diplomas, and scholarships
- Medical research fraud
- Tax evasion
- Outright quackery
What are the most common forms of unnecessary surgeries?
Removal of tonsils, hemorrhoids, appendixes, and uteruses, heart-related surgeries
What has been characterized as an especially “pure” form of white collar crime?
Medicaid and Medicare fraud
