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White Collar Crime > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Where does white collar crime occur?

A

In a legitimate occupant context or business.

Ex: Stock brokerage firm- committed crime

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2
Q

What are the 2 motivations to commit a white collar crime?

A
  1. Money

2. Occupational Success

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3
Q

What are some other terms included in white collar crime?

A

Economic crime, commercial crime, business crime, marketplace crime, consumer crime, respectable crime, “crime at the top”, “suite” crime, official crime and deviance, political crime, governmental crime, state crime, corporate crime, occupational crime and deviance, workplace crime, employee crime, avocational crime, technocrime, computer crime, folk crime, and invisible crime

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4
Q

Criminologists who study white collar crime have generally been in agreement that it…

A
  1. Occurs in a legitimate occupational context
  2. Motivated by the objective of economic gain or occupational success
  3. Not characterized by direct, intentional violence
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5
Q

What are the 3 stages of white collar crime?

A
  1. Polemical
  2. Typological
  3. Operational
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6
Q

This conception challenges a popular tendency to associate criminality with what?

A

Inner-city residents, minorities, young men, and conventional illegal activities such as homicide, robbery and burglary.

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7
Q

What are the 5 things that differentiate the types of white collar crime?

A
  1. Context in which illegal activity occurs, including the setting (corporation, gov’t agency, professional service) and the level within the setting (individual, workgroup, organization)
  2. Status or position of offender (wealthy or middle class, ceo or employee)
  3. Primary victims (general public or individual clients)
  4. Principal form of harm (economic loss or physical injury)
  5. Legal classification (antitrust, fraud)
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8
Q

What are the activities that have a close generic relationship with white collar crime?

A
  1. Corporate crime
  2. Occupational crime
  3. Governmental crime
  4. State-corporate crime, crimes of globalization, and high finance crime
  5. Enterprise crime, contrepreneurial crime, technocrime, and avocational crime
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9
Q

What is Corporate crime?

A

Committed by officers and employees of corporations to promote corporate interests. (corporate violence, theft, financial manipulation, political corruption or meddling)

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10
Q

What is occupational crime?

A

Financially driven activity committed within the context of a legitimate, respectable occupation. (retail crime, service crime, crimes of professionals, employee crime)

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11
Q

What is governmental crime?

A

A range of activities wherein gov’t itself, gov’t agencies, gov’t office, or the aspiration to serve in a gov’t office generates illegal or demonstrably harmful acts. (state crime and political white collar crime)

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12
Q

What is state-corporate crime, crime of globalization, and high finance crime?

A

Major hybrid forms of white collar crime that involve in some combination a synthesis of governmental, corporate, international financial institution, or occupational crime. (high finance=banking to the security markets)

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13
Q

What is enterprise crime?

A

Refers to cooperative enterprises involving syndicated (organized) crime and legitimate businesses

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14
Q

What is contrepreneurial crime?

A

Refers to swindles, scams, and frauds that assume the guise of legitimate business

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15
Q

What is technocrime?

A

Involves the intersection of computers and other forms of high technology with white collar crime

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16
Q

What is avocational crime?

A

Includes income tax evasion, insurance fraud, loan/credit fraud, customs evasion, and the purchase of stolen goods

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17
Q

What are the 8 federal crime categories that white collar crime violates?

A
  1. Securities fraud
  2. Antitrust violations
  3. Bribery
  4. Tax offenses
  5. Bank Embezzlement
  6. Postal and wire fraud
  7. False claims and statements
  8. Credit and lending institution fraud

They consider it to reflect federally prosecuted white collar crime

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18
Q

What is white collar crime?

A

Generic term for the whole range of illegal, prohibited, and demonstrably harmful activities involving a violation of a private or public trust, committed by institutions and individuals occupying a legitimate, respectable status, and directed toward financial advantage or the maintenance and extension of power and priviledge

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19
Q

Who is involved in trust and white collar crime?

A

Relationships with and between both individuals and organizations

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20
Q

Is it difficult to prosecute successfully the violations of trust?

A

Yes because it occurs behind the closed doors of “suites and the parties involved can often manipulate the organizational structure to conceal their misconduct

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21
Q

What has traditionally been closely associated with white collar crime?

A

The idea of respectability

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22
Q

What are the 3 different meanings of respectable?

A
  1. Normative meaning
  2. Status-related meaning
  3. Symptomatic meaning
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23
Q

What does the normative meaning mean?

A

An assessment of moral integrity

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24
Q

What does the status-related meaning mean?

A

A legitimate status or position

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25
Q

What does the symptomatic meaning mean?

A

The outward appearance of acceptable or superior status

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26
Q

How does risk apply to white collar crime?

A

As a calculated gamble is taken; the chances of being caught and punished are quite remote compared with the benefits that accrue from committing the crime

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27
Q

Who does risk favor in most cases?

A

The offender because the probability of detection, prosecution, and sanctioning is typically low

28
Q

What is moral risk?

A

Refers to the practice of facilitating risky behavior on the part of parties who do not fully appreciate the risks, such as consumers misled by unethical insurance salespeople

29
Q

Is there specific intent of harm in white collar crime?

A

No

30
Q

What happened to the CHALLENGER?

A

1986, the space shuttle exploded and killed 7 astronauts.

31
Q

Does the media play an important role?

A

Yes because they shape perceptions of many modern hazards and tend to portray them as natural rather than human-made

32
Q

Who is more likely to take certain types of risks if they have reason to believe they can get away with it?

A

Corporations

33
Q

What do corporations tend to do with risk?

A

They tend to accept higher levels of risk to employees than to the general public because accidents involving the public are more likely to get media attention

34
Q

Who (age-wise) are the conventional crime offenders?

A

Disproportionately young

35
Q

Who (age-wise) tend to be the white collar crime offenders?

A

They are more likely to be middle-aged or older and to begin their offending at a later age

36
Q

What class are the conventional crime offenders tend to be?

A

Lower class and poor. Offenses such as robbery and burglary are viewed as more concentrated in the lower class setting

37
Q

What class is white collar criminals tend to be?

A

The upper or better-off classes

38
Q

25% of those arrested for index crimes in the U.S. are which race?

A

African American, even though this class only consists of 12% of the American population

39
Q

Who outnumbers who among conventional crime offenders? By what ratio? Is there a parallel situation that exists for white collar offenders?

A

Men outnumber women by a ratio of 6:1. There is the same situation with white collar offenders

40
Q

What are the 5 conclusions with gender and white collar crime?

A
  1. The female share of corporate, or organizational, crime crime was low, with only 1% of the women’s white collar crime cases (men was 14%)
  2. The female share of most forms of occupational crime was low, although for bank embezzlement it was 50%
  3. Females were much less likely than males to work in crime groups and more likely to commit their white collar crimes alone
  4. The average gain from white collar crime committed by females was much lower than that for males
  5. Females were much more likely to claim financial need of their families than males as a motivation for their involvement with white collar crime
41
Q

What is the precondition for the commission of white collar crimes?

A

They are more likely to be employed and more likely to be better educated

42
Q

What has been traditionally portrayed in the media mainly in conventional terms, with an emphasis on sensational, especially violent crimes?

A

Crime

43
Q

What are informers or informants?

A

They provide criminal justice system personnel with crucial information that can lead to the investigation, arrest, indictment, and conviction of law violators

44
Q

Informers played an important role in what?

A

Exposing the Watergate crimes of the Nixon administration in the 1970s

45
Q

What are whistleblowers?

A

Those who inform outside agencies or entities of illegal or unethical actions of their company.

46
Q

Are whistleblowers criminally implicated?

A

No

47
Q

Who was the one who acknowledged in 2005 that he was the famous “Deep Throat”?

A

A high ranking former FBI official, W. Mark Felt

48
Q

What has the term whistleblower been applied to?

A

It is a related crucial source of information needed for the detection, and ultimately the prosecution, of many white collar crimes, especially governmental and corporate varieties.

49
Q

Where is whistleblowing most likely to occur?

A

In the absence of organizational channels for responding to concerns about illegal or unethical activity and wish the perception of broadening collegial support for challenging such activity

50
Q

What are the negative reactions motivated by?

A

Greed and self-interest

51
Q

What did the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in 1998?

A

They ruled against a corporate strategy to prevent whistleblowers from testifying against the corporation

52
Q

What is the Whistleblower Protection Act?

A

Whistleblowers are guaranteed protection

53
Q

What are muckrakers?

A

They firmly established the revelation of high-level wrongdoing as a legitimate journalistic enterprise

54
Q

What is investigative reporting?

A

A report on one topic and it is likely to be lonely, frustrating, tedious, expensive, time consuming, sometimes hazardous, often controversial, and emotional work; it can also be intensely satisfying and sometimes prestigious

55
Q

Who wrote Silent Spring and what was it about?

A

Rachel Carson wrote it and it was about the destruction of the environment

56
Q

Who wrote Unsafe at Any Speed and what was it about?

A

Ralph Nader wrote it and it was about unsafe automobiles

57
Q

Who has been one of the most famous filmmakers and perhaps the most controversial?

A

Michael Moore

58
Q

What was the name of his first film and what was it about?

A

Roger and Me. It took a critical look at the policies and practices of GM

59
Q

What was Fahrenheit 9/11?

A

A film that criticized in harsh terms the presidency of George W. Bush, was widely viewed and both hailed and attacked.

60
Q

Describe the BBB

A

Better Business Bureaus. Acting more on behalf of the business rather than the consumers, deflecting substantial consumer actions and focusing mainly on the most flagrant small-scale business frauds

61
Q

What is the environmental movement?

A

Hardly a vigorous campaigner against corporate practices contributing to the destruction of the environment

62
Q

What is Common Cause?

A

A public interest group founded in 1970 and having a membership mainly composed of upper-middle class whites and was concerned with combating undue power of special interests.

63
Q

What were labor unions concerned with?

A

Gaining the right to strike and engage in collective bargaining as well as with fair wages, decent benefits and job security.

64
Q

Who developed the term white collar crime?

A

Edwin H. Sutherland

65
Q

Who wrote Tender Loving Greed and what is it about?

A

Mary Adelaide Mendelson wrote it and it was about nursing home practices have contributed significantly to inspiring investigations and new laws

White Collar Crime (4 decks)

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