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International Business > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is cross-cultural literacy

A

an understanding of how
cultural differences can affect the way in which
business is practiced

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2
Q

What is culture?

A

Culture is a system of values and norms that are
shared among a group of people and that when
taken together constitute a design for living

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3
Q

Values:

A

provide the context within which a
society’s norms are established and justified
(ideas about what a group believes to be good,
right, and desirable)

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4
Q

Norms:

A

the social rules that govern the actions of

people toward one another; Social rules and guidelines that provide appropriate behavior in particular situations

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5
Q

Society

A

a group of people who share a

common set of values and norms

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6
Q

There is not a strict one-to-one correspondence

between a

A

society and a nation-state

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7
Q

The values and norms of a culture are the
evolutionary product of a number of factors
at work in a society including:

A

prevailing political and economic philosophies
a society’s social structure
the dominant religion, language, and education

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8
Q

Social structure refers to society’s basic

A

organization as to the SOCIAL building blocks

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9
Q

A society’s social structure is its

A

basic social

organization

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10
Q

Two dimensions of social structure

A

the degree to which emphasis in society is on
individual vs. group
the degree to which stratification into levels has
occurred (ie. castes or classes)

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11
Q

In societies where the individual is emphasized

A

individual achievement and entrepreneurship are
valued
but, this can encourage job switching, competition
between individuals in a company rather than team
building, and a lack of loyalty to the firm

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12
Q

In societies where the group is emphasized

A

cooperation and team work are encouraged and life
time employment is common
but, individual initiative and creativity may be
suppressed

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13
Q

All societies are stratified on a hierarchical

basis into social categories, or

A

social strata

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14
Q

What are social strata based on?

A

characteristics such as family

background, occupation, and income

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15
Q

Societies differ in terms of (social strata)

A

the degree of mobility between social strata
the significance attached to social strata in a
business context

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16
Q

refers to the extent to which
individuals can move out of the strata (level)
into which they are born

A

Social mobility

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17
Q

Most rigid social strata system is the

A

caste system

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18
Q

a closed system of stratification in which social
position is determined by birth; change in position is
unlikely

A

caste system

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19
Q

A less rigid social stratafication system is the

A

class system

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20
Q

a form of open social stratification in which the

position a person has by birth can be changed

A

class system

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21
Q

a system of shared beliefs and
rituals that are concerned with the realm of
the sacred

A

religion

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22
Q

a set of moral principles, or
values, that are used to guide and shape
behavior

A

ethical system

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23
Q

What is the defining characteristic of culture

A

Language

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24
Q

There are two forms of language:

A

spoken

unspoken

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25
Q

Role of English language in international

business

A

English most used language in world
Chinese is mother tongue of largest number of
people in the world

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26
Q

how a society deals with the fact that
people differ in physical and intellectual capabilities and
resulting social power and wealth

A

power distance

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27
Q

the relationship

between the individual and the collective

A

Individualism versus collectivism

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28
Q

the extent to which different

cultures accept tolerate ambiguity

A

Uncertainty avoidance

29
Q

Masculinity versus femininity

A

the relationship between
gender and work rolesactually more about defining culture as task (male)- versus
people (female) - oriented nation-states

30
Q

captures attitudes towards time, persistence,
ordering by status, protection of face, respect for
tradition, and reciprocation of gifts and favors

A

confucian dynamism

31
Q

managers need to develop cross-cultural

literacy

A

Ethnocentricity and the “ugly American”

32
Q

there is a connection between culture and

national

A

competitive advantage

33
Q

there is a connection between culture and

ethics

A

decision making

34
Q

Most widely practiced religion globally

A

Christianity

35
Q

Where is Christianity must prevalent?

A

common throughout Europe, the Americas, and

other countries settled by Europeans

36
Q

Christian _______ impact is relatively

weak as to influence

A

fundamentalism

37
Q

Max Weber suggested that it was the____________________ was the driving force of capitalism

A

Protestant

work ethic

38
Q

(focus on hard work, wealth creation,

and frugality) was the driving force of capitalism

A

Protestant

work ethic

39
Q

Economic implications of Christianity include:

A

Contracts, reasonable interest, private property,
honesty in transactions, God’s stewards of assets,
there is an afterlife to judge person’s life

40
Q

Fastest growing religion globally. Is an allembracing

way of life that governs everything.

A

Islam

41
Q

Islamic fundamentalism is

A

influencial today

42
Q

vast majority of Muslims claim

A

Islam teaches peace,

justice, and tolerance; afterlife to judge actions

43
Q

Economic implications include

A

the right to own property, as God’s stewards only
supportive of business activity, but business practice
is prescribed (defined)
businesses through the exploitation of others, by
deception, or by breaking contracts are forbidden
Charging interest is forbidden
some business activities are forbidden: gambling,
alcohol, sex, unclean foods (ie. pork)

44
Q

Values spiritual growth and development,

which may require material and physical selfdenial

A

Hinduism

45
Q

Where is Hinduism primarily found?

A

primarily on the Indian sub-continent

46
Q

that the spiritual

valued more than material achievements.

A

Hinduism

47
Q

What social stratification system is part of hinduism?

A

Caste is part of this complex system.

48
Q

What is the oldest religion in the world?

A

Oldest major religion in the world.

49
Q

Promotion and adding new responsibilities
may not be the goal of an employee, or may
be infeasible due to the employee’s caste

A

Hinduism

50
Q

The connection between culture and

competitive advantage is important because

A

the connection suggests which countries are likely
to produce the most viable competitors

the connection has implications for the choice of
countries in which to locate production facilities
and do business

51
Q

a belief in the superiority of one’s

own culture

A

ethnocentrism

52
Q

is the medium through which
individuals learn many of the language,
conceptual, and mathematical skills that are
indispensable in a modern society

A

Formal Education

53
Q

The knowledge base, training, and educational
opportunities available to a country’s citizens
can also give it a ___________________ in the
market and make it a more or less attractive
place for expanding business

A

competitive advantage

54
Q

a condition where people tend to perceive
themselves in terms of their class
background, and this shapes their
relationships with others

A

class conscious

55
Q

Countries with more than one spoken

language often have more than one

A

culture

56
Q

nonverbal cues

A

unspoken language

57
Q
  • the routine conventions of everyday

life

A

folkways

58
Q

norms that are seen as central to the

functioning of a society and to its social life

A

mores

59
Q

an association of two or more
individuals who have a shared sense of
identity and who interact with each other in
structured ways on the basis of a common
set of expectations about each other’s
behavior

A

group

60
Q

tend to rely on the members
implicit knowledge of group meaning, rules, values,
etc. to communicate appropriate behavior.

A

High-context Culture

61
Q

tend to rely on explicit

communication, rules, and goals to guide behavior.

A

Low-Context Culture

62
Q

Emphasis on spiritual growth and the afterlife,

less on earthly achievement

A

Buhhdism

63
Q

does not
support the caste system, so individuals do
have some mobility and can work with
individuals from different classes

A

Buhhdism

64
Q

Buhhdism

A

entrepreneurial activity is acceptable, but not
emphasized

Spiritual/eternal vs material/immediate tension
present

65
Q

Teaches the importance of attaining personal
salvation through right action (not really a
religion)

A

Confucianism

66
Q

the need for high moral and ethical conduct and
loyalty to others is central
practiced mainly in China

A

Confucianism

67
Q

Economic implications (Confucianism) include 3 key values:

A

loyalty, reciprocal obligations, and honesty
may all lead to a lowering of the cost of
doing business in Confucian societies.

68
Q

Thus makes contracts and long-term relations

possible & attractive and win-win oriented

A

confucianism

International Business (6 decks)

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