Chapter 4

Question 1

What is cross-cultural literacy

Answer 1

an understanding of how
cultural differences can affect the way in which
business is practiced

Question 2

What is culture?

Answer 2

Culture is a system of values and norms that are
shared among a group of people and that when
taken together constitute a design for living

Question 3

Values:

Answer 3

provide the context within which a
society’s norms are established and justified
(ideas about what a group believes to be good,
right, and desirable)

Question 4

Norms:

Answer 4

the social rules that govern the actions of

people toward one another; Social rules and guidelines that provide appropriate behavior in particular situations

Question 5

Society

Answer 5

a group of people who share a

common set of values and norms

Question 6

There is not a strict one-to-one correspondence

between a

Answer 6

society and a nation-state

Question 7

The values and norms of a culture are the
evolutionary product of a number of factors
at work in a society including:

Answer 7

prevailing political and economic philosophies
a society’s social structure
the dominant religion, language, and education

Question 8

Social structure refers to society’s basic

Answer 8

organization as to the SOCIAL building blocks

Question 9

A society’s social structure is its

Answer 9

basic social

organization

Question 10

Two dimensions of social structure

Answer 10

the degree to which emphasis in society is on
individual vs. group
the degree to which stratification into levels has
occurred (ie. castes or classes)

Question 11

In societies where the individual is emphasized

Answer 11

individual achievement and entrepreneurship are
valued
but, this can encourage job switching, competition
between individuals in a company rather than team
building, and a lack of loyalty to the firm

Question 12

In societies where the group is emphasized

Answer 12

cooperation and team work are encouraged and life
time employment is common
but, individual initiative and creativity may be
suppressed

Question 13

All societies are stratified on a hierarchical

basis into social categories, or

Answer 13

social strata

Question 14

What are social strata based on?

Answer 14

characteristics such as family

background, occupation, and income

Question 15

Societies differ in terms of (social strata)

Answer 15

the degree of mobility between social strata
the significance attached to social strata in a
business context

Question 16

refers to the extent to which
individuals can move out of the strata (level)
into which they are born

Answer 16

Social mobility

Question 17

Most rigid social strata system is the

Answer 17

caste system

Question 18

a closed system of stratification in which social
position is determined by birth; change in position is
unlikely

Answer 18

caste system

Question 19

A less rigid social stratafication system is the

Answer 19

class system

Question 20

a form of open social stratification in which the

position a person has by birth can be changed

Answer 20

class system

Question 21

a system of shared beliefs and
rituals that are concerned with the realm of
the sacred

Answer 21

religion

Question 22

a set of moral principles, or
values, that are used to guide and shape
behavior

Answer 22

ethical system

Question 23

What is the defining characteristic of culture

Answer 23

Language

Question 24

There are two forms of language:

Answer 24

spoken

unspoken

Question 25

Role of English language in international | business

Answer 25

 English most used language in world  Chinese is mother tongue of largest number of people in the world

Question 26

how a society deals with the fact that people differ in physical and intellectual capabilities and resulting social power and wealth

Answer 26

power distance

Question 27

the relationship | between the individual and the collective

Answer 27

Individualism versus collectivism

Question 28

the extent to which different | cultures accept tolerate ambiguity

Answer 28

Uncertainty avoidance

Question 29

Masculinity versus femininity

Answer 29

the relationship between gender and work rolesactually more about defining culture as task (male)- versus people (female) - oriented nation-states

Question 30

captures attitudes towards time, persistence, ordering by status, protection of face, respect for tradition, and reciprocation of gifts and favors

Answer 30

confucian dynamism

Question 31

managers need to develop cross-cultural | literacy

Answer 31

 Ethnocentricity and the “ugly American”

Question 32

there is a connection between culture and | national

Answer 32

competitive advantage

Question 33

there is a connection between culture and | ethics

Answer 33

decision making

Question 34

Most widely practiced religion globally

Answer 34

Christianity

Question 35

Where is Christianity must prevalent?

Answer 35

common throughout Europe, the Americas, and | other countries settled by Europeans

Question 36

Christian _______ impact is relatively | weak as to influence

Answer 36

fundamentalism

Question 37

Max Weber suggested that it was the____________________ was the driving force of capitalism

Answer 37

Protestant | work ethic

Question 38

(focus on hard work, wealth creation, | and frugality) was the driving force of capitalism

Answer 38

Protestant | work ethic

Question 39

Economic implications of Christianity include:

Answer 39

 Contracts, reasonable interest, private property, honesty in transactions, God’s stewards of assets, there is an afterlife to judge person’s life

Question 40

Fastest growing religion globally. Is an allembracing | way of life that governs everything.

Answer 40

Islam

Question 41

Islamic fundamentalism is

Answer 41

influencial today

Question 42

vast majority of Muslims claim

Answer 42

Islam teaches peace, | justice, and tolerance; afterlife to judge actions

Question 43

Economic implications include

Answer 43

 the right to own property, as God’s stewards only  supportive of business activity, but business practice is prescribed (defined)  businesses through the exploitation of others, by deception, or by breaking contracts are forbidden  Charging interest is forbidden  some business activities are forbidden: gambling, alcohol, sex, unclean foods (ie. pork)

Question 44

Values spiritual growth and development, | which may require material and physical selfdenial

Answer 44

Hinduism

Question 45

Where is Hinduism primarily found?

Answer 45

 primarily on the Indian sub-continent

Question 46

that the spiritual | valued more than material achievements.

Answer 46

Hinduism

Question 47

What social stratification system is part of hinduism?

Answer 47

Caste is part of this complex system.

Question 48

What is the oldest religion in the world?

Answer 48

Oldest major religion in the world.

Question 49

Promotion and adding new responsibilities may not be the goal of an employee, or may be infeasible due to the employee's caste

Answer 49

Hinduism

Question 50

The connection between culture and | competitive advantage is important because

Answer 50

the connection suggests which countries are likely to produce the most viable competitors the connection has implications for the choice of countries in which to locate production facilities and do business

Question 51

a belief in the superiority of one's | own culture

Answer 51

ethnocentrism

Question 52

is the medium through which individuals learn many of the language, conceptual, and mathematical skills that are indispensable in a modern society

Answer 52

Formal Education

Question 53

The knowledge base, training, and educational opportunities available to a country's citizens can also give it a ___________________ in the market and make it a more or less attractive place for expanding business

Answer 53

competitive advantage

Question 54

a condition where people tend to perceive themselves in terms of their class background, and this shapes their relationships with others

Answer 54

class conscious

Question 55

Countries with more than one spoken | language often have more than one

Answer 55

culture

Question 56

nonverbal cues

Answer 56

unspoken language

Question 57

- the routine conventions of everyday | life

Answer 57

folkways

Question 58

norms that are seen as central to the | functioning of a society and to its social life

Answer 58

mores

Question 59

an association of two or more individuals who have a shared sense of identity and who interact with each other in structured ways on the basis of a common set of expectations about each other’s behavior

Answer 59

group

Question 60

tend to rely on the members implicit knowledge of group meaning, rules, values, etc. to communicate appropriate behavior.

Answer 60

High-context Culture

Question 61

tend to rely on explicit | communication, rules, and goals to guide behavior.

Answer 61

Low-Context Culture

Question 62

Emphasis on spiritual growth and the afterlife, | less on earthly achievement

Answer 62

Buhhdism

Question 63

does not support the caste system, so individuals do have some mobility and can work with individuals from different classes

Answer 63

Buhhdism

Question 64

Buhhdism

Answer 64

entrepreneurial activity is acceptable, but not emphasized Spiritual/eternal vs material/immediate tension present

Question 65

Teaches the importance of attaining personal salvation through right action (not really a religion)

Answer 65

Confucianism

Question 66

the need for high moral and ethical conduct and loyalty to others is central practiced mainly in China

Answer 66

Confucianism

Question 67

Economic implications (Confucianism) include 3 key values:

Answer 67

loyalty, reciprocal obligations, and honesty may all lead to a lowering of the cost of doing business in Confucian societies.

Question 68

Thus makes contracts and long-term relations | possible & attractive and win-win oriented

Answer 68

confucianism