Chapter 4

Question 1

Tenancy (pg. 116)

Answer 1

Definition: the rental of property

Significance: This was a way for nobles and gentry, who owned 75% of arable land, to make more money by having people rent the land they owned.

Question 2

Household Mode of Production (pg. 120)

Answer 2

Definition: the system of exchanging goods and labor in the 18th century

Significance: The household mode of production helped New England freeholders survive on their declining farms as available land became harder to find.

Question 3

Redemptioner System (pg. 124)

Answer 3

Definition: system where indentured servants signed a contract after arriving to America instead of in before arriving

Significance: This system allowed families to stay together and negotiate their own terms.

Question 4

Enlightenment (pg. 126)

Answer 4

Definition: an 18th century philosophical movement that emphasized the use of reason to reevaluate previously accepted doctrines and traditions and the power of reason to understand and shape the world

Significance: The Enlightenment was one of two great European cultural movements and got people to think on their own without the church influence.

Question 5

Pietism (pg. 126)

Answer 5

Definition: a Christian revival moment characterized by Bible study, the conversion experience, and the individual’s personal relationship with God

Significance: Pietism was the second of two great European cultural movements and stressed the importance of a relationship with God.

Question 6

Natural Rights (pg. 127)

Answer 6

Definition: the rights to life, liberty, and property

Significance: Natural rights, stated by John Locke, served as the basis for the Constitution and the natural rights guaranteed to all Americans.

Question 7

Deism (pg. 128)

Answer 7

Definition: the Enlightenment-influenced belief that the Christian God created the universe and then left it to run according to natural laws.

Significance: Deism was a new way of thinking religiously, but not with the views of a church’s influence.

Question 8

Revival (pg. 129)

Answer 8

Definition: a renewal of religious enthusiasm in a Christian congregation

Significance: The revival was important because people of New England to spread the message of spiritual urgency and also appealed to believers’ hearts.

Question 9

Old Lights (pg. 132)

Answer 9

Definition: conservative ministers who opposed to the passion displayed by evangelical preachers

Significance: Old Lights were the people very opposed to the way revivalist meetings were held and tried to convince the legislature to not allow evangelists to speak at congregation without the minister’s permission.

Question 10

New Lights (pg. 132)

Answer 10

Definition: evangelical preachers who decried a Christian faith that was merely intellectual and emphasized the importance of a spiritual rebirth

Significance: New Lights were the people who left the Congregational Church and founded 125 separatist churches.

Question 11

Consumer Revolution (pg. 141)

Answer 11

Definition: an increase in consumption in English manufacturers in Britain and the British colonies fueled by the Industrial Revolution

Significance: The revolution greatly raised living standards , but also put the consumers and colonies into great debt.

Question 12

Regulators (pg. 142)

Answer 12

Definition: landowning protestors who organized in North and South Carolina in the 1760s and 70s to demand that the eastern-controlled government provide western districts with more courts, fairer taxation, and greater representation in the assembly

Significance: The Regulators won attention and gained western courts and got fees reduced, but failed to get taxes lowered.

Question 13

Benjamin Franklin (pg. 128)

Answer 13

Definition: founder of the Pennsylvania Gazette, the American Philosophical Society, and creator of Franklin’s Plan of Union

Significance: Benjamin Franklin was important because the Gazette become one of the colonies’ most influential newspapers, spread many Enlightenment ideas, and invented many useful items.

Question 14

Jonathan Edwards (pg. 129)

Answer 14

Definition: New England preacher

Significance: Edwards influenced a big spread of revival across towns in the Connecticut River Valley.

Question 15

George Whitefield (pg. 129)

Answer 15

Definition: main person to spark the Great Awakening

Significance: Whitefield preached the message of revival all around America and gained many crowds and believers.

Question 16

French and Indian War

Answer 16

Definition: began in 1754 as a war between French and British colonies with support from their mother countries and Native American allies

Significance: The war led to Britain gaining a lot of territory in America, but because of debt from the war, ended up causing the American Revolution.

Question 17

Pontiac (pg. 139)

Answer 17

Definition: Ottawa chief

Significance: Pontiac saw himself and his tribe as French and defended them to the point that he wanted to die a French man.

Question 18

Albany Plan

Answer 18

Definition: proposed by Thomas Jefferson as a way for the 13 colonies to have a unified government

Significance: This was the first plan, although not carried out, to include all of the colonies under one government.

Question 19

Paxton Boys

Answer 19

Definition: a group of men from Paxton, Pennsylvania that raided an Indian tribe in December of 1763 and also led a march to the Capitol in January of 1764

Significance: These men were just a few examples of the tension between colonists and natives.

Question 20

Cotton Mather

Answer 20

Definition: New England Puritan minister

Significance: Cotton Mather held a great influence on the Salem Witch trials and inoculation (smallpox).