Chapter 4

Question 1

solvent

Answer 1

substance present in the greatest quantity

Question 2

solutes

Answer 2

other substances, other than solvent

dissolved in solvent

Question 3

electrolyte

Answer 3

an substance whose aqueous solutions contain ions

Question 4

nonelectrolyte

Answer 4

a substance that does not form ions in solution

Question 5

solvation

Answer 5

helps stabilize ions in solution and prevents cations from recombining

Question 6

ionic compounds in water

Answer 6

ionic solid dissociates into its component ion as it dissolves

Question 7

molecular compounds in water

Answer 7

the solution usually consists of intact molecules dispersed throughout the solution

Question 8

strong electrolytes

Answer 8

solutes that exist in solution completely or nearly completely as ions
all ions and strong acids are strong electrolytes

Question 9

weak electrolytes

Answer 9

solutes that exist in solution mostly in form of neutral molecules with only small fraction in form of ions
no ions and weak acids and bases are weak electrolytes

Question 10

chemical equilibrium

Answer 10

relative numbers of each type of ion or molecule in the reaction are constant over time

Question 11

water-soluble ionic compounds

Answer 11

they are strong electrolytes

Question 12

precipitation reaction

Answer 12

reactions that result in the formation of an insoluble product

Question 13

molecular formula

Answer 13

a equation that shows the complete chemical formulas of reactants and products

Question 14

complete ionic equation

Answer 14

a equation that shows all soluble strong electrolytes as ions

Question 15

spectator

Answer 15

ions that appear in identical forms on both sides of complete ionic equation
they play no direct role in the reaction
these ions are omitted and canceled out

Question 16

net ionic equation

Answer 16

includes only the ions and molecules directly involved in the reaction
spectator ions are crossed out
if every ion is a spectator, no reaction occurs

Question 17

acids

Answer 17

substances that ionize in aqueous solution to form hydrogen ions H+
turns litmus paper red

Question 18

monoprotic

Answer 18

yielding one H+ per molecule of acid

Question 19

diprotic acid

Answer 19

yields two H+ per molecule of acid

Question 20

bases

Answer 20

substances that accept (react with) H+ ions
they produce (OH-) when dissolved in water
turn litmus paper blue

Question 21

neutralization reaction

Answer 21

products of the reaction have none of the characteristic properties of either the acidic solution or the basic solution

Question 22

salt

Answer 22

any ionic compound whose cation comes from an base and whose anion comes from a acid
a neutralization between a acid and a metal hydroxide produces water and salt

Question 23

neutralization reactions with gas formation

Answer 23

carbonates and bicarbonates react with acids to form CO2(g)

Question 24

oxidation and reduction reactions

Answer 24

electrons are transferred from one reactant to another

Question 25

oxidation

Answer 25

loss of electrons by a substance

Question 26

reduced

Answer 26

gain of electrons

Question 27

oxidation number rules

Answer 27

for a atom in its elemental form, the oxidation number is always zero
for any monatomic ion the oxidation equals the ionic charge
oxygen = -2 in ionic and molecular compounds
hydrogen = +1 when bonded to nonmetals and -1 when bonded to metals
flourine = -1 in all compounds
other halogens are -1 in most binary compounds

Question 28

displacement reactions

Answer 28

ion in solution is displaced through oxidation of a element

Question 29

activity series

Answer 29

list of metals arranged in order of decreasing ease of oxidations
the top metals are most easily oxidized (they react most readily to form compounds) (alkali and alkaline earth metals)
the bottom metals are more stable and form compounds less readily (transition metals from groups 8B to 1B)
any metal on the list that can be oxidized by the ions of elements below it

Question 30

active metals

Answer 30

they react most readily to form compounds

alkali and alkaline earth metals

Question 31

noble metals

Answer 31

more stable and form compounds less readily (transition metals from groups 8B to 1B)

Question 32

molarity

Answer 32

moles solute/volumes of solution in liters

Question 33

titration

Answer 33

combining a solution where the solute concentration is not known with a reagent solution of known concentration
they will reach the equivalence point where it is stoichiometrically equal quantities

Question 34

standard solution

Answer 34

used in titration

it is the known concentration