Chapter 2

Question 1

Dalton’s atomic theory

Answer 1

each element is composed of extremely small particles called atoms
law of constant composition
law of conservation of mass
law of multiple proportions

Question 2

law of constant composition

Answer 2

relative numbers and kinds of atoms are constant

all atoms of a given element are identical, but atoms of one element are different from the atoms of the other elements

Question 3

law of multiple proportions

Answer 3

compounds are formed when atoms of more than one element combine
a given compound always has the same relative number and kind of atoms

Question 4

subatomic particles

Answer 4

things that make up an atom

Question 5

cathode rays and electrons

Answer 5

a high voltage was applied to the electrodes in the tube and radiation (cathode rays) was produced between the electrodes
the rays were detected because they cause certain materials to fluoresce, or to give off light
another experiment showed that these rays are deflected by electric or magnetic fields in a way consistent with their being a stream of negative electrical charge. thomson then described the rays as streams of negatively charged particles. he also calculated a value of 1.76 X 10^8 coulombs per grams for the ratio of the electrons’ electrical charge to its mass
millikan then figured out eh electron’s mass which is 9.10 X 10^-28 grams

Question 6

radioactivity

Answer 6

spontaneous emission of radiation

there are three types of radiation: alpha, beta, and gamma

Question 7

nuclear model of the atom

Answer 7

thomson thought that the atom had a uniform positive sphere of matter and electrons were embedded like raisin (plum-pudding model)
rutherford then discovered, after shooting alpha particles at a gold foil that the particles passed through the foil, but there were some large deflections
he then concluded that the mass of each gold atom and all its positive charge reside in the nucleus

Question 8

atomic mass unit

Answer 8

1 amu = 1.66054 X 10^-24 grams

Question 9

angstrom

Answer 9

1 A = 1 X 10^-10 meters

Question 10

atomic number

Answer 10

number of protons
the number of electrons must be the same as the number of protons
this is located on the left side of the symbol of the element on the bottom

Question 11

mass number

Answer 11

number of protons plus neutrons

this is located on the left side of the symbol of the element on the top

Question 12

isotopes

Answer 12

atoms with identical atomic numbers but different mass numbers (same number of protons, but different numbers of neutrons)

Question 13

atomic weight

Answer 13

average atomic mass of an element

multiply abundance of each isotope by its atomic mass and summing these products

Question 14

period

Answer 14

horizontal rows

Question 15

groups

Answer 15

vertical volume containing elements with similar properties

Question 16

metals

Answer 16

they all have same properties (luster, high electrical and heat conductivity, solid at room temp (except Hg)

Question 17

nonmetals

Answer 17

at room temp some are gaseous, solid, and one is liquid

Question 18

metalloids

Answer 18

have properties that fall between metals and nonmetals

Question 19

diatomic molecules

Answer 19

hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, halogens

an molecule made up of two atoms

Question 20

molecular compound

Answer 20

compounds composed of molecules contain more than one type of atom

Question 21

empirical formula

Answer 21

formulas that give only the relative number of atoms of each type in a molecule
ion
this is created only if electrons are removed from or added to a atom
cation
positive charged ion (metals form cations)
generally they are metals and nonmetals

Question 22

anion

Answer 22

negatively charged ion (nonmetals form anions)
ionic compound
compound made up of cations and anions
they are generally combinations of metal sn nonmetals

Question 23

molecular compounds

Answer 23

generally, they are combinations of nonmetals

Question 24

names and formulas of ionic compounds (cations)

Answer 24

cations formed from metal atoms have the same name as the metal
if an metal can form cations with different charges (transition metals), the positive charge is indicated by a roman numeral in parentheses following the name of the metals (iron (II) ion
cations formed from nonmetal atoms have name that end in -ium

Question 25

names and formulas of ionic compounds (anions)

Answer 25

the names of the monatomic anions are formed by replacing the endings of the name of the element with -ide
oxyanion rules
anions derived by adding H+ to a oxyanion are named by adding as an prefix the word hydrogen or dihydrogen

Question 26

oxyanion

Answer 26

polyatomic anions containing oxygen have names ending in either -ate or -ite
per = one or more O atom than the oxyanion
hypo= one O atom fewer than oxyanion ending in -ite

Question 27

naming acids

Answer 27

acids have an H as the first element
acids containing anions whose names end with -ide are named by changing the -ide to -ic and adding hydro- to this anion name
acids containing acids whose names end in -ate or -ite are named by changing -ate to -ic and -ite to -ous

Question 28

naming binary molecular compounds

Answer 28

the name of the element farther to the left (closest to the metals) is written first (exception is when compound contains oxygen and chlorine, bromine, or iodine. the oxygen is written last)
if both elements are in the same group, the lower one is named first
the name of the second element is given a -ide ending
add greek prefixes

Question 29

binary molecular compounds

Answer 29

two element molecular compounds

Question 30

organic chemistry

Answer 30

study of compounds of carbon

Question 31

organic compounds

Answer 31

compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen, often in combination with oxygen, nitrogen or other elements

Question 32

hydrocarbons

Answer 32

compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen

binary molecular compounds

Question 33

alkanes

Answer 33

simplest class of hydrocarbons
each carbon is bonded to four other atoms
the name ends with -ane
if there are 5 or more carbons, the name is derived from the prefixes

Question 34

functional groups

Answer 34

specific groups of atoms

Question 35

derivatives of alkanes

Answer 35

organic compounds that are created when one or more hydrogen atoms in alkane are replaced with functional groups

Question 36

alcohol

Answer 36

obtained by replacing a H atom of an alkane with -OH group

the name is from the alkane by adding -ol

Question 37

isomers

Answer 37

compounds with the same molecular formula but different arrangements of atoms