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biology yr 12 > chapter 4 > Flashcards

chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

phenotype

A

An observable trait produced by the actions of one or more gene-encoded proteins; influenced by the genotype and the effects of the environment

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2
Q

genotype

A

The genetic composition of an organism for a particular trait; the set of alleles that an organism has for a particular trait

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3
Q

allele

A

One of various versions of the same gene (at the same locus) distinguished by small differences in the DNA sequence

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4
Q

Aneuploidy

A

Describes a genome that varies from the conventional genome through the loss or addition of one or a few chromosomes

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5
Q

expressed gene

A

When the gene is read, transcribed and translated into a protein,

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6
Q

hey whats a genotype

A

the genetic composition of an organism for a particular trait. It is the set of alleles that an organism has for a particular trait.

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7
Q

what is the phenotype influenced by

A

is influenced by the genotype and the effects of the environment.

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8
Q

Apoptosis

A

A programmed series of events that leads to cell death as a result of the dismantling of the internal contents of the cell by various enzymes, including caspases

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9
Q

Behaviour

A

Responses and reactions of an organism in particular situations

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10
Q

Beneficial mutation

A

A mutation that increases an organism’s chances of survival and reproduction

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11
Q

Chiasma

A

The point of contact between two (non-sister) chromatids belonging to a set of maternal and paternal homologous chromosomes where crossing over may occur

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12
Q

chromarin

A

The complex of proteins and DNA found in eukaryotic non-dividing cells

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13
Q

Codon

A

A set of three consecutive nucleotides found in a DNA or an mRNA molecule; it carries a code for a specific amino acid

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14
Q

Crossing over

A

An event during meiosis, in which homologous chromosomes (non-sister chromatids) exchange alleles (genetic segments) with one another

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15
Q

Deleterious mutation

A

A mutation that decreases an organism’s chances of survival and reproduction

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16
Q

Deletion mutation

A

A mutation in which one or more nucleotide pairs have been lost from a segment of DNA

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17
Q

Diploid (2n)

A

Describes a cell or organism that has a genome that contains two copies of each chromosome, represented by 2n

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18
Q

Epigenetics

A

The study of inheritable, but reversible, changes caused by chemicals that control the activity of DNA; it involves activation and deactivation of genes, without any change in the DNA sequence or code

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19
Q

Expressed

A

Describes a gene that has been read, transcribed and translated into a protein

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20
Q

Fertilisation

A

The union of haploid male and female gametes during sexual reproduction to produce a diploid zygote; the random union of gametes is known as random fertilisation

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21
Q

Frameshift mutation

A

A mutation that changes the reading frame used in translation, during polypeptide synthesis

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22
Q

Genetic code

A

The term used for the way that the four nitrogenous bases of DNA (adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine) are ordered and contain information to direct the creation of specific proteins

23
Q

Genome

A

All of the genetic material contained in an organism or a cell; it includes the chromosomes within the nucleus and the DNA in mitochondria and chloroplasts

24
Q

Genotype

A

The specific combination of alleles for each gene locus that belongs to an individual or cell

25
Germline cell
The cell line in eukaryotic organisms from which the gametes are derived
26
Haploid (n)
Describes a cell or organism that has a genome that contains one copy of each chromosome; represented by n
27
Homologous chromosome
A pair of chromosomes that have the same size and shape; they have genes at the same locations; one is maternal and one is paternal
28
Horizontal gene transfer
The process by which genetic material from one organism becomes incorporated into the genome of another organism
29
Independent assortment
The random orientation of maternal and paternal homologous chromosomes at the equator during metaphase I; the orientation of each homologous pair is randomly to one side or the other, and each pair is unaffected by the orientation of any other homologous pair
30
Insertion mutation
A mutation in which one or more nucleotide pairs have been added to a segment of DNA
31
Intraspecific variation
Differences between individuals of the same species
32
Karyotype
A display that presents the number and appearance of the chromosomes of an organism or cell as observed at metaphase
33
Missense mutation
A gene mutation that results in one amino acid being replaced by another amino acid in the encoded protein
34
Monoploid (1n
)Describes a cell or organism that has a functional genome consisting of one copy of each chromosome, represented by 1n
35
Monosomy
The condition in which somatic cells of an organism are missing one copy of a particular chromosome
36
Mutagen
An agent capable of inducing mutations
37
mutant
A cell or organism that bears a mutation
38
mutation
A permanent change in the DNA sequence of a gene; a source of new alleles in a population’s gene pool; the process of generating a mutation
39
mutation rate
The number of changes per gene copy in a population over a period of time
40
neutral mutation
A mutation that has no effect on an organism’s chances of survival and reproduction
41
Non-disjunction
The failure of sister chromatids in mitosis or homologous chromosomes in meiosis to separate and go to opposite poles
42
nonsense mutation
A mutation in which a codon for an amino acid is changed to one that codes for a stop codon, terminating translation
43
Phenotype
The actual observable form taken by a specific feature in a particular individual, based on their genotype and influenced by the environment; it can be used in reference to particular traits or characteristics or to the overall form of an individual
44
Point mutation
A mutation that affects a single base-pair within a gene
45
Polyploidy
A cell or organism with a genome comprising three or more copies of each chromosome, represented by 3n, 4n, 5n, 6n etc
46
Random fertilisation
The union of a male gamete and a female gamete, both haploid, which results in a diploid cell called a zygote; it is random because there is no way of knowing which two gametes, each genetically unique, will form the zygote
47
Random segregation
The phenomenon that starts during anaphase I, when the randomly lined-up maternal and paternal homologous chromosomes move to opposite poles of the cell, illustrating the Law of Random Segregation; each gamete ends up with a random selection of maternal and paternal chromosomes
48
Somatic cell
A body cell that is not a germ cell
49
Species
A group of similar organisms capable of breeding and exchanging genes with one another and whose offspring are capable of doing the same
50
Spontaneous mutation
A mutation occurring in the absence of exposure to mutagens
51
Substitution mutation
A mutation in which a single nucleotide is swapped for another in the original gene sequence
52
silent mutation
A mutation in which the DNA codon for one amino acid becomes another DNA codon for the same amino acid; also referred to as a ‘silent’ mutation
53
variation
The diversity of genetic and phenotypic traits within and between populations

biology yr 12 (9 decks)

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