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biology yr 12 > chapter 3😘😊 > Flashcards

chapter 3😘😊 Flashcards

1
Q

5’ to 3’

A

The direction of synthesis on a nucleotide strand

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2
Q

amino acid

A

An organic compound that is a building block within a polypeptide or protein

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3
Q

Anticodon

A

A set of three consecutive nucleotides that is part of a tRNA molecule and is complementary to a codon; the three nucleotides consist of any of the four bases adenine, uracil, guanine or cytosine

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4
Q

Apoptosis

A

A programmed series of events that leads to cell death (as a result of the dismantling of the internal contents of the cell by various enzymes, including caspases)

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5
Q

Cellular machinery‘

A

Biological machines’ that work to manufacture a biological molecule; e.g. transcription machinery includes RNA polymerase and binding factors or proteins; the translation machine is the ribosome

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6
Q

Chromosome

A

A structure composed of DNA and protein that contains linear arrays of genes carrying genetic information; prokaryotes generally have one circular chromosome, whereas eukaryotes have a number of linear chromosomes

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7
Q

Coding DNA

A

The sections of DNA that code for a protein; they contain instructions that determine the order of the codons in the mRNA, which in turn determines the order of the amino acids in a polypeptide or protein

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8
Q

Codon

A

A set of three consecutive nucleotides found in a DNA or an mRNA molecule; it carries codes for a specific amino acid; the three nucleotides consist of any of the four bases adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine in the case of DNA, or adenine, uracil, guanine and cytosine in the case of mRNA

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9
Q

Complementary base pairing

A

The phenomenon whereby guanine always hydrogen bonds with cytosine and adenine always hydrogen bonds with thymine; guanine and cytosine share three hydrogen bonds, and adenine and thymine share two hydrogen bonds; the complementary pairing enables the helical structure of DNA to form

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10
Q

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

A

The information-containing molecule present in all living things that contains the instructions, written in a chemical code, for the production of proteins by the cell; the information it contains is sufficient for the making and maintaining the organism; in addition, DNA is the genetic material that passes this information on to the next generation

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11
Q

DNA helicase

A

An enzyme that helps the two strands of the DNA double helix unwind and separate

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12
Q

DNA ligase

A

An enzyme used to catalyse the formation of a bond between two pieces of DNA

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13
Q

DNA polymerase

A

A member of a class of enzymes found in all living things, that synthesises new strands of DNA based on a template strand and according to complementary base-pair rules; DNA polymerases are important tools in biotechnology because they are capable of making exact copies of fragments of DNA, enabling efficient and accurate amplification of DNA templates

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14
Q

DNA replication

A

The process a DNA molecule undergoes to make a complete and identical copy of itself, readying a cell for cell division; it is a semi-conservative process, and the two daughter molecules contain exact copies of the genetic material in the parent molecule

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15
Q

Double helix

A

The structure formed by double-stranded molecules of nucleic acids such as DNA; two linear strands that run opposite to each other and twist together

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16
Q

enzyme

A

A reusable, biological catalyst that lowers the activation energy of a chemical reaction, making it proceed faster; it is a protein that is sensitive to factors such as temperature and pH

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17
Q

gene

A

A unit of heredity that transmits information from one generation to the next; a segment of DNA that codes for a polypeptide

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18
Q

Genetic code

A

The term used for the way that the four nitrogenous bases of DNA (adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine) are ordered and contain information to direct the production of specific proteins

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19
Q

Genome

A

All of the genetic material contained in an organism or a cell; it includes the sequence of the DNA in the chromosomes within the nucleus, mitochondria and chloroplasts

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20
Q

Genome sequence

A

The sequence of consecutive DNA ‘letters’ spanning all the chromosomes of a cell from start to finish

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21
Q

Genomics

A

The study of the genome – how genes interact with one another, the environment and the resultant proteins produced; knowledge of an organism’s entire DNA sequence

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22
Q

Heredity

A

The study of inheritance, the genetic transmission of characteristics from one generation to another

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23
Q

Lagging strand

A

The DNA strand that is synthesised discontinuously in small fragments, called Okazaki fragments, in a 5’ to 3’ direction

24
Q

Leading strand

A

The DNA strand that is synthesised continuously in a 5’ to 3’ direction

25
Mature mRNA
mRNA that has been processed after transcription; non-coding introns have been removed and the remaining exons joined
26
mRNA (messenger RNA)
The RNA molecule that carries the information from a gene to a ribosome for translation into a polypeptide; in eukaryotes it carries the message from the DNA in the nucleus out through a nuclear pore to a ribosome in the cytoplasm
27
Nitrogenous base
A structural component of the nucleotides that make up DNA or RNA
28
why 3' to 5' protein synthesis transcription
Nucleotides are always added to the 3' end of the growing RNA molecule, so RNA polymerase must move in the opposite direction (3' to 5') along the DNA template.
29
pre mrna
the initial RNA molecule synthesized directly from DNA during transcription. It contains both: Exons: Coding regions that will be expressed as part of the final protein. Introns: Non-coding regions that are not involved in protein synthesis and need to be removed.
30
anticodon- trna part
A sequence of three bases that binds to the mRNA codon.
31
non coding dna
All of the DNA sequences within a genome that are not found within mRNA-coding exons; examples include introns, promoters and enhancers of genes; they have no known function
32
Non-template/sense/coding strand
The coding strand is also known as the sense strand; this strand has the same code as the mRNA strand, except uracil replaces thymine; it is not read during transcription
33
nuclear pore
A small opening in the nuclear membrane through which relatively small single-stranded molecules such as mRNAcan fit
34
Nucleotide
The basic building block of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA); nucleotides are linked together by phosphodiester bonds; each nucleotide is made up of a five-carbon sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base
35
nucleoid
The region within a prokaryotic cell that contains the genetic material
36
Okazaki fragment
A short fragment of DNA synthesised during DNA replication; multiple fragments are joined together to make the lagging strand during replication
37
organelle
A specialised part of a cell that has its own specific function; a ‘little organ’
38
peptide bond
A covalent bond that links amino acids in a polypeptide
39
Phosphodiester bond
A covalent bond that links a 3' carbon in one sugar to a 5' carbon in another sugar in DNA and RNA; it consists of a phosphate group, its covalent ester bond with the 3' carbon and its covalent ester bond with the 5' carbon; this bond connects nucleotides, which form the backbone of a DNA or RNA chain
40
plasmid
A small, circular piece of DNA, found in bacteria, that is able to replicate independently of the cell’s chromosome; engineered plasmids may carry antibiotic-resistance markers
41
polypeptide
A string of amino acids, joined by peptide bonds
42
pre mrna
The strand of precursor mRNA that is first produced after transcription of a gene; it contains introns and exons (from non-coding and coding DNA, respectively); it is processed to become mature mRNA
43
Promoter
A relatively short nucleotide sequence in the DNA of a gene that attaches RNA polymerase to the start of the strand to begin synthesis of RNA during transcription
44
protein
A type of essential biological macromolecule; the structure of each protein is vital to its function; proteins are made of one or more folded and modified polypeptides
45
protein synthesis
The process whereby cells produce proteins from instructions encoded in genes found in the coding section of the cell’s DNA; the process can be divided into two major steps: transcription and translation
46
replication fork
The junction between the unwound single strands of DNA and the intact double helix during DNA replication
47
ribosome
An organelle found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes; it facilitates the interaction of mRNA and tRNA in transporting and connecting specific sequences of amino acids into polypeptides (translation); it is mostly composed of rRNA and can be found attached to endoplasmic reticulum or alone in the cytosol of a cell
48
rna ribonucleic acid
A molecule consisting of a single strand of nucleotides; it plays an essential role in protein synthesis (as messenger RNA or transfer RNA) and as a structural component of ribosomes
49
Semi-conservative replication
The production of two new DNA double-helix molecules, each consisting of one parental strand and one daughter strand
50
sequencing
The process of determining the order of nucleotides in a strand of DNA
51
Template/antisense/non-coding strand
The strand of DNA that is read by a polymerase enzyme in order to attach the complementary base pairs
52
trait
An inheritable characteristic; phenotype
53
transcription
the synthesis of mRNA in which the sequence of nucleotides is complementary to the sequence in the stored DNA code, except that in RNA, uracil replaces thymine
54
translation
The synthesis of a polypeptide using the information in mRNA; the RNA nucleotide code is translated into an amino acid sequence
55
triplet
A set of three consecutive nucleotides in DNA; the three nucleotides may consist of any of the four possible nitrogenous bases: adenine, thymine, guanine or cytosine
56
trna- transfer rna
An RNA molecule that contains an anticodon (complementary to an mRNA codon); it carries an amino acid (specified by the codon) to a ribosome during protein synthesis

biology yr 12 (9 decks)

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