Chapter 4 Flashcards
Define unconditioned reflex.
Reflex that is naturally innate to a person
1. hand twitching away when touching burning hot surface
2. Knee-jerk reflex
Define conditioned reflex
a response elicited by a conditioned stimulus (CS) - the conditioned response of fear elicited by approaching the take off position because she had fallen multiple times
What are two other names for respondent conditioning?
- Pavlovian conditioning
- Classical conditioning
State the procedure and result of respondent conditioning
- several pairings of a neutral stimulus (NS) and of an unconditioned stimulus (US) leading to a unconditioned response (UR),
- results in a conditioned stimulus (CS)
- approaching take off + bad fall & feeling of fear = approaching takeoff → feeling of fear
Describe the procedure and result of extinction of a conditioned reflex (i.e respondent extinction)
repeated presentation of the CS by itself (no pairing to US), schoolkids running out the door when the bell rings, if you start enforcing them to stay calm for a reward they will lose the CS
In respondent conditioning, what does each of the following stand for: NS, US, UR, CS, and CR?
- NS = neutral stimulus
- US = unconditioned stimulus
- UR = unconditioned response
- CS = conditioned stimulus
- CR = conditioned response
five variables that influence the development of a conditioned reflex.
- the greater the number of pairings of a CS with a US, the greater the ability of the CS to elicit the CR
- stronger conditioning if the CS PRECEDES the US by just a second
- a CS acquires greater ability to elicit a CR if the CS is always paired with a given US
- when several neutral stimuli precede a US, the stimulus that is most consistently associated with the US is the one most likely to become a strong CS
- respondent conditioning will develop more quickly and strongly when the CS or US or both are intense
distinguish between operant conditioning and Pavlovian conditioning
Operant conditioning is learning through consequences, with rewards or punishments for the behaviors
Pavlovian conditioning involves learning through association, where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a reflexive response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally triggers that response.
the procedure and result of positive reinforcement
reward follows a behavior, making it more likely to occur again. ie. giving praise for completing homework increases the chance of completing the homework again
Define conditioned reinforcer.
unlike primary reinforcers (e.g., food, water, or shelter), it is a reinforcer that has been conditioned/learned
1. seeing a good time on the clock
2. getting a good jump
Distinguish between a natural reinforcer and a deliberately-programmed reinforcer.
- something naturally reinforced like eating when hungry - as opposed to something that can be adjusted to be reinforcing when done
- natural reinforcer could be scoring a goal (only become programmed if adding a reward like candy)
- deliberately programmed enforcer would be coach offering money for the players that work hard during practice
sport example of positive reinforcement
illustrate the direct effect or indirect effect of positive reinforcement?
eating a candy after a hard interval - direct effect because it is within 30s
Define the procedure and the result of operant extinction
doing the stimulus and the response but not getting the consequence will lead to doing the response during the stimulus less or not at all
leaning more far forward in race starts usually leads to better starts, but this time it does not, now the runner is less likely to do the same thing again
What are two differences between the effects of continuous versus intermittent reinforcement?
- Individuals are more likely to work much more consistently on intermittent reward schedules than continuous
- intermittent rewarded behaviors take much longer to extinguish
Define fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement
- the reinforcement is after a set amount of the response
- doing 10 reps of any exercise then getting the reinforcement - a drink/break