Chapter 4

Question 1

is a division of criminology which attempts to provide scientific analysis
of the causes of crime.

Answer 1

Criminal Etiology

Question 2

studies criminal through biological perspectives

Answer 2

Biological Approach

Question 3

Emphasis is based on linking criminal behavior to mental state, especially mental
evidence disease; mental disorders, pathologies, and emotional problems and they
repeatedly assert that crime is outcome of criminal mind. The root cause of the criminal
behavior neither environmental nor biological than question seems to be unclear.

Answer 3

Psychogenic Approach

Question 4

Different crimes are result of different combination of the factors

Answer 4

Multifactor approach

Question 5

Crime is produce only by one factor or variable, they are
social, biological or mental. This theory is no longer in use at present.

Answer 5

Single or unitary cause

Question 6

Crime is a combination of several factors. Some factors are
playing a major reason while the other is playing the minor role. This is the accepted
theory of crime causation.

Answer 6

Multiple Factor Theory

Question 7

Crime is one instance maybe caused by one or more factors, while
in other instances it is cause by another set of factors

Answer 7

Eclectic Theory

Question 8

It is true during the pagan age. Wrongful act is attributed to the will of devils or other
supernatural beings.

Answer 8

Crime is caused by Demon

Question 9

Men manifest criminal behavior because they are sinful so God wants to punish
them.

Answer 9

Crim is caused by Divine will

Question 10

Men are fundamentally a biological organism with intelligence and rationality
which control their behavior. Before men do something, they try to determine the amount
of pain they will suffer and the amount of pleasure they will receive. Their future actions
will depend on the algebraic sum of the two considerations if there will be more pain than
pleasure, they will desist from doing the act

Answer 10

Classical school of thought by Beccaria

Question 11

Crimes are committed in accordance with the free will of men but the act of
committing a crime is modified by some causes that finally prevail upon the person to
commit crimes. These causes are pathology, incompetence, insanity or any condition
that will make it possible for the individual to exercise the free will entirely.

Answer 11

Neo classical of thought

Question 12

Criminals are born with some physical characteristic which become the causes of crimes.

Answer 12

Criminal are botn

Question 13

is in the tropic zone and theoretically
are hot-blooded people with very volatile temperaments.

Answer 13

Filipinos- Philippines

Question 14

oldest theory is known by many names: biological, constitutional,
genetic, and anthropological criminology. The oldest field is criminal anthropology,
founded by the father of modern criminology, Cesare Lombroso, in 1876. Historically,
theories of the biochemistry type have tried to establish the biological inferiority of
criminals, but modern biocriminology simply says that heredity and body organ
dysfunctions produce a predisposition toward crime.

Answer 14

Biochemistry

Question 15

criminology has been around since 1914, and attempts to explain the
consistent finding that there is an eight-point IQ difference between criminals and
noncriminals. Other psychocriminologists focus on personality disorders, like the
psychopaths, sociopaths, and antisocial personalities.

Answer 15

Psychological

Question 16

criminology was the first sociological criminology, developed during the
1920s at the Department of Sociology at the University of Chicago. Hence, it is also called
Chicago School sociology. Ecology is the study of relationships between an organism
and its environment, and this type of theory explains crime by the disorganized ecoareas where people live rather than by the kind of people who live there.

Answer 16

Ecological

Question 17

sometimes called by the French word anomie, is a 1938 American version of
French sociology, invented by the father of modern sociology, Emile Durkheim (1858-
1917). This type of theory sees crime as the normal result of an “American dream” in
which people set their aspirations (for wealth, education, occupation, any status symbol)
too high, and inevitably discover strain, or goal blockages, along the way. The only two
things to do are reduce aspirations or increase opportunities.

Answer 17

Strain

Question 18

theories tend to follow the lead of Edwin Sutherland’s theory of differential
association, developed in 1947, although ideas about imitation or modeling go back to
1890. Often oversimplified as “peer group” theories, learning is much more than that, and
involves the analysis of what is positively and negatively rewarding (reinforcing) for
individuals.

Answer 18

Learning

Question 19

criminology are all about social control. It focuses upon a person’s
relationships to their agents of socialization, such as parents, teachers, preachers,
coaches, scout leaders, or police officers.

Answer 19

Control theories

Question 20

labeling or shunning reaction.

Answer 20

Labeling theory

Question 21

holds that society is based on conflict between competing interest
groups; for example, rich against poor, management against labor, whites against
minorities, men against women, adults against children, etc. These kind of dog-eat-dog
theories also have their origins in the 1960s and 1970s, and are characterized by the
study of power and powerlessness.

Answer 21

Conflict theories

Question 22

also from the 1960s and 1970s, typically involve Marxist (referring
to Karl Marx 1818-1883)

Answer 22

Radical theories

Question 23

is a mid-1980s British development that focuses upon the reasons why
people of the working class prey upon one another, that is, victimize other poor people of
their own race and kind.

Answer 23

Left realism

Question 24

criminology came about during the 1990s as the study of how “wars”
on crime only make matters worse. It suggests that the solution to crime is to create more
caring, mutually dependent communities and strive for inner rebirth or spiritual
rejuvenation (inner peace).

Answer 24

Peacemaking

Question 25

criminology matured in the 1990s, although feminist ideas have been
around for decades. The central concept is patriarchy, or male domination, as the main
cause of crime.

Answer 25

Feminist

Question 26

criminology matured in the 1990s, although postmodernism itself (as a
rejection of scientific rationality to the pursuit of knowledge) was born in the late 1960s. It
tends to focus upon how stereotypical words, thoughts, and conceptions limit our
understanding, and how crime develops from feelings of being disconnected and
dehumanized. It advocates replacing our current legal system with informal social
controls such as group and neighborhood tribunals.

Answer 26

Postmodern

Question 27

Based on the work of Henry McKay and Clifford R. Shaw of the Chicago School.
Social disorganization theory postulates that neighborhoods plagued with poverty and
economic deprivation tend to experience high rates of population turnover. Informal
social structure often fails to develop, which in turn makes it difficult to maintain social
order in a community.

Answer 27

Social disorganization

Question 28

Since the 1970s, social ecology studies have built on the social disorganization
theories. Many studies have found that crime rates are associated with poverty,
disorder, high numbers of abandoned buildings, and other signs of community
deterioration.

Answer 28

Social ecology

Question 29

Focused on small cultural groups fragmenting away from the mainstream to form
their own values and meanings about life. The primary focus is on juvenile
delinquency because theorists believe that if this pattern of offending can be understood
and controlled, it will break the transition from teenage offender into habitual criminal.

Answer 29

Subculture theory

Question 30

is all that is transmitted socially rather than biologically, representing the norms,
customs and values against which behaviour is judged by the majority.

Answer 30

Culture

Question 31

by which punishment is threatened or applied for wrongful behaviour, and
compliance is rewarded by parents, family, and authority figures.

Answer 31

Direct

Question 32

by which a youth refrains from delinquency through the conscience or
superego.

Answer 32

Indirect

Question 33

by identification with those who influence behaviour, say because his or
her delinquent act might cause pain and disappointment to parents and others with
whom he or she has close relationships.

Answer 33

Internal

Question 34

if all an individual’s needs are met, there
is no point in criminal activity.

Answer 34

Control through need satisfaction

Question 35

proposes that
people’s relationships, commitments, values, norms, and beliefs encourage them not to
break the law. Thus, if moral codes are internalized and individuals are tied into, and have
a stake in their wider community, they will voluntarily limit their propensity to commit
deviant acts.

Answer 35

Social control theory

Question 36

theory based upon the idea that the assessment of the person’s outer
appearance, primarily the face, may give insights into one’s character or personality

Answer 36

Physiognomy

Question 37

theory which claims
to be able to determine character, personality traits and criminality on the basis of the
shape of the head (i.e., by reading “bumps” and “fissures”).Franz Joseph Gall then
developed in 1810 his work on craniology; in which he alleged that crime was one of the
behaviors organically controlled by a specific area of the brain. In 1843

Answer 37

Phrenology

Question 38

study of skull size, weight and shape,

Answer 38

Craniometry

Question 39

study of facial
features

Answer 39

Psysiognomy

Question 40

the analysis of human behavior

Answer 40

Psychoanalytic

Question 41

the study of human mind.

Answer 41

Psychiatry