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CRIM 1 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

founders of the classical school of criminology

A

Cesare Beccaria

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2
Q

argued that the effectiveness of criminal justice
depended more on the certainty of punishment than on its severity

A

Cesare Beccaria

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3
Q

advocated utilitarianism and fair treatment of animals that influenced
the development of liberalism

A

Jeremy Bentham

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4
Q

He invented the panopticon

A

Jeremy Bentham

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5
Q

the design is to allow all (pan-) inmates
of an institution to be observed (-opticon) by a single watchman without
the inmates being able to tell whether or not they are being watched. The
design consists of a circular structure with an “inspection house” at its
centre, from which the manager or staff of the institution is able to watch
the inmates. The inmates, who are stationed around the perimeter of the
structure, are unable to see into the inspection house.

A

Panopticon

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6
Q

People have free will to choose how to act and what to do

A

Classical School

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7
Q

Deterrence is based upon the ontological notion because a human being is
any of the following:
a. Hedonist
B. Rational calculator

A

Classical theory

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8
Q

refers to a person who only seeks pleasure and avoids pain.

A

Hedonist

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9
Q

refers to person’s weighing up the costs (pains)
and benefits (pleasures of the consequences of each of his action) before
committing any act

A

Rational calculator

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10
Q

The more swift and certain the punishment, the more effective it is in deterring
criminal behavior.

A

Classical School

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11
Q

Punishment (of sufficient severity) can deter people from committing crime
because the cost (penalties) outweighs benefits and severity of punishment
should be proportionate to the crime.

A

Classical School

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12
Q

This school accepted the fact that crime is committed in accordance with
the free will of man but the act of committing a crime is modified by some causes
that finally prevail upon the person to commit crimes. These causes are:
pathology, incompetence, and insanity or any condition that will make it possible
for the person to exercise the free will entirely.

A

Neo-Classical School

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13
Q

Presumes that criminal behavior is caused by internal and external factors
outside of the individual’s control. Scientific method was introduced and applied
to study human behavior. Positivism can be broken up into three segments
which include biological, psychological and social positivism.

A

Positivist or Italian School

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14
Q

It includes the study of the following theories in
relation to criminality: criminal anthropology, phrenology, physiognomy,
heredity and other similar theories

A

Biological Positivism

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15
Q

It relates criminality through the study of the
following theories: psychodynamics/psychoanalytical theory, behavioral
learning theories, and cognitive learning theories.

A

Psychological positivism

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16
Q

It relates criminality through the study of the following
theories: social disorganization theory, Chicago School theory and anomie
theory.

A

Social Positivism

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17
Q

THE HOLY THREE OF CRIMINOLOGY (POSITIVIST TRIO)

A
  1. Cesare Lombroso
  2. Enrico Ferri
  3. Rafaelle Garofalo
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18
Q

Italian criminologist and founder of the Italian School of Positivist
Criminology.

A

Cesare Lombroso

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19
Q

Father of Criminology

A

Cesare Lombroso

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20
Q

Four Categories of Criminals (According to Lombroso)

A

Atavist
Insane Criminal
Criminaloid
Criminal by Passion

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21
Q

known as born criminal

A

Born Criminal

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22
Q

refers to alcoholic, kleptomaniac, nymphomaniac,
and child molesters.

A

Insane Criminal

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23
Q

were further categorized as “habitual
criminals”, who become so by contact with other criminals, or other
“distressing circumstances” (criminal by passion hot-headed and
impulsive persons who commit violent acts when provoked).

A

Criminaloid

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24
Q

Lombroso referred to a person who committed
a crime motivated or because of anger and love and honor.

A

Criminal by Passion

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25
Q

student of Lombroso, believed that social as well as biological factors
played a role, and held the view that criminals should not be held responsible
for the factors causing their criminality were beyond their control.

A

Enrico Ferri

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26
Q

He argued that criminal behavior could be explained by studying the
interaction of a range of factors. He observed:
• First, physical factors in relation to crime such as race, geography and
temperature.
• Second, individual factors in relation to crime such as age, sex and
psychological variables.
• Third, social factors in relation to crime such as population, religion and
culture.

A

Enrico Ferri

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27
Q

An Italian jurist and a student of Cesare Lombroso. He rejected the
doctrine of free will and supported the position that crime can be understood
only if it is studied by scientific methods. He attempted to formulate a
sociological definition of crime that would designate those acts which can be
repressed by punishment. These constituted “Natural Crime” and were
considered offenses violating the two basic altruistic sentiments common to all
people, namely, probity and pity.

A

Raffaele Garofalo

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28
Q

Types of Criminals by Garofalo:

A

Murderer
Violent criminal
Deficient criminal
Lascivious Criminal

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29
Q

This refers to a criminal who kills another person and is satisfied
from vengeance or revenge. This type of criminal totally lacks both pity and
probity and kill whenever opportunity arises.

A

Murderer

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30
Q

These criminal lacks pity and can be influenced by
environmental factors such as consumption of alcohol or the fact that criminality
is endemic to criminal’s particular population

A

Violent Criminal

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31
Q

refers to a person who commits crime against property
like thieves and robbers.

A

Deficient Criminal

32
Q

It refers to a person who commits crime against
chastity like acts of lasciviousness, seduction, adultery and the like.

A

Lascivious Criminal

33
Q

arose in the early twentieth century, through the work
of Robert Ezra Park, Ernest Burgess and other urban sociologists at University
of Chicago. In the 1920s, Park and Burgess identified five concentric zones that
often exist as cities grow, including the “zone in transition” which was identified
as most volatile and subject to disorder.

A

Chicago School

34
Q

the first to take advantage of criminal statistics in
crime causation thus crediting him as the “Father
of Modern Sociological and Psychological
Statistics.”

A

Adolphe Quetelet
(1796 –1874)

35
Q

repudiated the free will
doctrine of the classicists and concluded that it is
the society, not the decisions of individual
offenders that is responsible for criminal behavior.
He uncovered evidence that season, climate,
population composition, and poverty were related
to criminality. Further, he said that crime rates
were greatest in summer, among the poor and
uneducated – and that crime rates are also
influenced by drinking habits

A

Adolphe Quetelet
(1796 –1874)

36
Q

He advocated the “Sub-Culture Theory of
Delinquency.”

A

Albert Cohen

37
Q

claims that the lower class in
what is considered appropriate middle-class
behavior. Thus, the lower class gathered together
share their common problems, forming a
subculture that rejects middle class values.

A

Albert Cohen

38
Q

He was a French law enforcement officer and
biometrics researcher, who created
anthropometry, an identification system based on
physical measurements.

A

Alphonse Bertillon
(1853 - 1914)

39
Q

He developed the notion of just desert.
Just desert has five guidelines and these include
the following:
1. Treat legal; punishment as a desert;
2. Avoid doing harm;
3. Sentence delinquency, not the delinquent;
4. Interfere parsimoniously; and
5. Restrain efforts to prevent crime; modern
day utilitarianism.

A

Andrew Von Hirsch

40
Q

He published the book entitled, Wayward Youth
(New York, Viking Press, 1935).

A

August Aichhorn
(1878 -1949)

41
Q

argued
that the cause of crime and delinquency is the
faulty development of the child during the first few
years of his life.

A

August Aichhorn
(1878 -1949)

42
Q

“Father of Positivism.

A

Augustus Comte

43
Q

term that describes the relationship between the
victim and the criminal

A

Penal Couple

44
Q

“Father of Victimology.”

A

Benjamin Mendelsohn

45
Q

claimed that criminals are
distinguishable from non-criminals due to the
presence of atavistic stigma – the physical features
of creatures at an earlier stage of development.

A

Cesare Lombroso

46
Q

He is a British psychologist who published in 1965
the book, “The Young Delinquent.” He became
known for his pioneering work in educational
psychology and statistical analysis. He claimed
that intelligence was primarily inherited. However,
subsequent examination revealed that he
fabricated some of the data, though some of his
works remained unaffected by this revelation.

A

Cyril Burt

47
Q

He published the book entitled, Crime and the
Human Mind in 1944. In this book, he explained
that the cause of criminal behavior is the result of
criminalistic tendencies added by crime inducing
situation and divided by the person’s mental and
emotional resistance to temptation.

A

David abrahamsen

48
Q

In his book “Crime and the Mind” published in
1948, he claimed that criminality is the result of
emotional immaturity. According to him, a person
is emotionally mature when he has learned to
control his emotion effectively and who lives at
peace with himself and in harmony with the
standards of conduct which are acceptable to the
society. An emotionally immature person rebels
against rules and regulations and tends to engage in unusual activities and experiences a feeling of
guilt due to inferiority complex.

A

Dr. Walter Bromberg

49
Q

He is a Marxist criminologist who advocated the
Instrumentalist Theory. He argued that the state
exist as a device for controlling the exploited class
– the class that labors for the benefit of the ruling
class. He claims that upper classes create laws
that protect their interest and t the same time the
unwanted behavior of all other members of society

A

Earl Richard Quinney

50
Q

He advocated the Differential Association Theory
(DAT). He has been referred to as the most
important criminologist of the twentieth century
and considered as the “Dean of Modern
Criminology.”

A

Edwin Sutherland

51
Q

Father of Sociology

A

Emile Durkheim

52
Q

He put forth a theory that differed from earlier
theories and believed that biological factors affect
the perception and learning of social behaviors.

A

E. O. Wilson

53
Q

studied
philosophy and medicine at the University of
Tubingen. He attempted to correlate body build
and constitution with characters of
temperamental reactions and mentally. He
distinguished four (4) principal types of physiques:

A

Ernst Kretchmer

54
Q

lean, slightly built, narrow
shoulders; their crimes are petty thievery
and fraud;

A

Asthenic

55
Q

medium to tall, strong, muscular,
coarse bones; they are usually connected
with crimes of violence;

A

Athletic

56
Q

medium height, rounded figures,
massive neck, broad face; they tend to
commit deception, fraud and violence

A

Pyknic

57
Q

combination of two body types
and persons having any predominant type.
Their offenses are against decency and
morality.

A

Dysplastic

58
Q

He developed cranioscopy, a method to
study the personality and development of mental
and moral faculties based on the external shape of
the skull. Cranioscopy was later renamed as
phrenology, the study that deals with the
relationship between the skull and human
behavior.

A

Franz Joseph Gall

59
Q

advocated the
Imitation-Suggestion
Theory which states that Delinquency and crime
pattern are learned and adopted. The learning
process either be conscious type copying or
unconscious copying of confronting pattern of
behavior.

A

Gabriel Tarde

60
Q

advocated the “Individual Delinquency”
wherein crime is the expression of the mental
content of the individual. Frustration of the
individual causes
emotional discomfort,
personality demands removal of pain and the pain
is eliminated by substitute behavior that is the
start of the crime delinquency of an individual.

A

Healy

61
Q

He is known especially for his 1912 work The
Kallikak Family: A Study in the Heredity of FeebleMindedness. He also introduced the term “moron”
into the field.

A

Henry Goddard

62
Q

invented the pseudonym Kallikak by
combining a Greek root meaning “beauty”(kallos)
with one meaning “bad” (kakos). The lesson was
clearand dramatic: the study linked medical and
moral deviance andfused the new mendelian laws
with the old biblical injunctionthat “the sins of the
fathers shall be visited on the sons

A

Henry Goddard

63
Q

is a theory based upon the idea that
the assessment of the person’s outer appearance,
primarily the face, may give insights into one’s
character or personality

A

Physiognomy

64
Q

One family tree that contradicted the theory that
criminality is inherited. A famous preacher in the
colonial period, none of his descendants were
found to be criminals.

A

Jonathan Edwards family

65
Q

advocated the DOT - Differential Opportunity
Theory.

A

Llyod Ohlin

66
Q

Father of
Psychoanalytical Theory

A

Sigmund Freud

67
Q

This stands for instinctual drives, which
represent our unconscious biological needs
for food, sex, and other life sustaining necessities including aggression as well as
primitive needs that are present at birth.
This pleasure – seeking part of human
personality is concerned about gratification
of one’s wishes.

A

Id

68
Q

This forms part of man’s physical
organization between his sensory stimuli, on
one hand, and his motor activity on the
other. The ego operates on the basis of
expediency. This puts into action the
desires or wishes of the id and the questions
of right or wrong, safe or dangerous,
permitted or prohibited, do not play an
important role.

A

Ego

69
Q

This is the moral aspect of
people’s personalities. This develops as a
result of incorporating within the
personality the moral standards and values
of parents, community and significant
others. This is also known as the conscience
of our personality.

A

Super Ego

70
Q

He is a British Geneticist, who developed
techniques for DNA fingerprinting and DNA
profiling.

A

Sir Alec John Jeffreys

71
Q

He is regarded as the “Father of Modern Policing
System.”

A

Sir Robert Peel

72
Q

He is the first chairman of the board of
criminology.

A

Sixto de Leon

73
Q

He presented the most recent, and most popular,
version of social control theory. He synthesized
and elaborated on the work of other social control
theories, provided a clearer picture of what was
meant by a social bond

A

Travis Hirschi

74
Q

He saw a society composed of groups, which, while
sharing some values, had otherwise, different
lifestyles and norms. The lower class was simply a
separate culture whose expectations and values
were different from those of the middle class. He
came to see delinquency as an expression of
culture present in slum neighborhoods.

A

Walter B. Miller

75
Q

He advocated the containment theory. This theory
is a form of control which suggests that a series of
both internal and external factors contributes to
criminal behavior.

A

Walter Reckless

76
Q

He is Dutch criminologist who believed in a causal
link between crime and economic and social
conditions. He asserted that crime is social in
origin and a normal response to prevailing cultural
conditions.

A

Willem Adrian Bonger

CRIM 1 (4 decks)

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