Chapter 2 Flashcards by Jyn Jasmin Lagunero

founders of the classical school of criminology

Cesare Beccaria

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argued that the effectiveness of criminal justice
depended more on the certainty of punishment than on its severity

Cesare Beccaria

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advocated utilitarianism and fair treatment of animals that influenced
the development of liberalism

Jeremy Bentham

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He invented the panopticon

Jeremy Bentham

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the design is to allow all (pan-) inmates
of an institution to be observed (-opticon) by a single watchman without
the inmates being able to tell whether or not they are being watched. The
design consists of a circular structure with an “inspection house” at its
centre, from which the manager or staff of the institution is able to watch
the inmates. The inmates, who are stationed around the perimeter of the
structure, are unable to see into the inspection house.

Panopticon

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People have free will to choose how to act and what to do

Classical School

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Deterrence is based upon the ontological notion because a human being is
any of the following:
a. Hedonist
B. Rational calculator

Classical theory

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refers to a person who only seeks pleasure and avoids pain.

Hedonist

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refers to person’s weighing up the costs (pains)
and benefits (pleasures of the consequences of each of his action) before
committing any act

Rational calculator

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The more swift and certain the punishment, the more effective it is in deterring
criminal behavior.

Classical School

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Punishment (of sufficient severity) can deter people from committing crime
because the cost (penalties) outweighs benefits and severity of punishment
should be proportionate to the crime.

Classical School

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This school accepted the fact that crime is committed in accordance with
the free will of man but the act of committing a crime is modified by some causes
that finally prevail upon the person to commit crimes. These causes are:
pathology, incompetence, and insanity or any condition that will make it possible
for the person to exercise the free will entirely.

Neo-Classical School

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Presumes that criminal behavior is caused by internal and external factors
outside of the individual’s control. Scientific method was introduced and applied
to study human behavior. Positivism can be broken up into three segments
which include biological, psychological and social positivism.

Positivist or Italian School

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It includes the study of the following theories in
relation to criminality: criminal anthropology, phrenology, physiognomy,
heredity and other similar theories

Biological Positivism

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It relates criminality through the study of the
following theories: psychodynamics/psychoanalytical theory, behavioral
learning theories, and cognitive learning theories.

Psychological positivism

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It relates criminality through the study of the following
theories: social disorganization theory, Chicago School theory and anomie
theory.

Social Positivism

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THE HOLY THREE OF CRIMINOLOGY (POSITIVIST TRIO)

Cesare Lombroso
Enrico Ferri
Rafaelle Garofalo

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Italian criminologist and founder of the Italian School of Positivist
Criminology.

Cesare Lombroso

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Father of Criminology

Cesare Lombroso

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Four Categories of Criminals (According to Lombroso)

Atavist
Insane Criminal
Criminaloid
Criminal by Passion

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known as born criminal

Born Criminal

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refers to alcoholic, kleptomaniac, nymphomaniac,
and child molesters.

Insane Criminal

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were further categorized as “habitual
criminals”, who become so by contact with other criminals, or other
“distressing circumstances” (criminal by passion hot-headed and
impulsive persons who commit violent acts when provoked).

Criminaloid

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Lombroso referred to a person who committed
a crime motivated or because of anger and love and honor.

Criminal by Passion

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student of Lombroso, believed that social as well as biological factors played a role, and held the view that criminals should not be held responsible for the factors causing their criminality were beyond their control.

Enrico Ferri

He argued that criminal behavior could be explained by studying the interaction of a range of factors. He observed: • First, physical factors in relation to crime such as race, geography and temperature. • Second, individual factors in relation to crime such as age, sex and psychological variables. • Third, social factors in relation to crime such as population, religion and culture.

Enrico Ferri

An Italian jurist and a student of Cesare Lombroso. He rejected the doctrine of free will and supported the position that crime can be understood only if it is studied by scientific methods. He attempted to formulate a sociological definition of crime that would designate those acts which can be repressed by punishment. These constituted "Natural Crime" and were considered offenses violating the two basic altruistic sentiments common to all people, namely, probity and pity.

Raffaele Garofalo

Types of Criminals by Garofalo:

Murderer Violent criminal Deficient criminal Lascivious Criminal

This refers to a criminal who kills another person and is satisfied from vengeance or revenge. This type of criminal totally lacks both pity and probity and kill whenever opportunity arises.

Murderer

These criminal lacks pity and can be influenced by environmental factors such as consumption of alcohol or the fact that criminality is endemic to criminal’s particular population

Violent Criminal

refers to a person who commits crime against property like thieves and robbers.

Deficient Criminal

It refers to a person who commits crime against chastity like acts of lasciviousness, seduction, adultery and the like.

Lascivious Criminal

arose in the early twentieth century, through the work of Robert Ezra Park, Ernest Burgess and other urban sociologists at University of Chicago. In the 1920s, Park and Burgess identified five concentric zones that often exist as cities grow, including the "zone in transition" which was identified as most volatile and subject to disorder.

Chicago School

the first to take advantage of criminal statistics in crime causation thus crediting him as the “Father of Modern Sociological and Psychological Statistics.”

Adolphe Quetelet (1796 –1874)

repudiated the free will doctrine of the classicists and concluded that it is the society, not the decisions of individual offenders that is responsible for criminal behavior. He uncovered evidence that season, climate, population composition, and poverty were related to criminality. Further, he said that crime rates were greatest in summer, among the poor and uneducated – and that crime rates are also influenced by drinking habits

Adolphe Quetelet (1796 –1874)

He advocated the “Sub-Culture Theory of Delinquency.”

Albert Cohen

claims that the lower class in what is considered appropriate middle-class behavior. Thus, the lower class gathered together share their common problems, forming a subculture that rejects middle class values.

Albert Cohen

He was a French law enforcement officer and biometrics researcher, who created anthropometry, an identification system based on physical measurements.

Alphonse Bertillon (1853 - 1914)

He developed the notion of just desert. Just desert has five guidelines and these include the following: 1. Treat legal; punishment as a desert; 2. Avoid doing harm; 3. Sentence delinquency, not the delinquent; 4. Interfere parsimoniously; and 5. Restrain efforts to prevent crime; modern day utilitarianism.

Andrew Von Hirsch

He published the book entitled, Wayward Youth (New York, Viking Press, 1935).

August Aichhorn (1878 -1949)

argued that the cause of crime and delinquency is the faulty development of the child during the first few years of his life.

August Aichhorn (1878 -1949)

“Father of Positivism.

Augustus Comte

term that describes the relationship between the victim and the criminal

Penal Couple

"Father of Victimology.”

Benjamin Mendelsohn

claimed that criminals are distinguishable from non-criminals due to the presence of atavistic stigma – the physical features of creatures at an earlier stage of development.

Cesare Lombroso

He is a British psychologist who published in 1965 the book, “The Young Delinquent.” He became known for his pioneering work in educational psychology and statistical analysis. He claimed that intelligence was primarily inherited. However, subsequent examination revealed that he fabricated some of the data, though some of his works remained unaffected by this revelation.

Cyril Burt

He published the book entitled, Crime and the Human Mind in 1944. In this book, he explained that the cause of criminal behavior is the result of criminalistic tendencies added by crime inducing situation and divided by the person’s mental and emotional resistance to temptation.

David abrahamsen

In his book “Crime and the Mind” published in 1948, he claimed that criminality is the result of emotional immaturity. According to him, a person is emotionally mature when he has learned to control his emotion effectively and who lives at peace with himself and in harmony with the standards of conduct which are acceptable to the society. An emotionally immature person rebels against rules and regulations and tends to engage in unusual activities and experiences a feeling of guilt due to inferiority complex.

Dr. Walter Bromberg

He is a Marxist criminologist who advocated the Instrumentalist Theory. He argued that the state exist as a device for controlling the exploited class – the class that labors for the benefit of the ruling class. He claims that upper classes create laws that protect their interest and t the same time the unwanted behavior of all other members of society

Earl Richard Quinney

He advocated the Differential Association Theory (DAT). He has been referred to as the most important criminologist of the twentieth century and considered as the “Dean of Modern Criminology.”

Edwin Sutherland

Father of Sociology

Emile Durkheim

He put forth a theory that differed from earlier theories and believed that biological factors affect the perception and learning of social behaviors.

E. O. Wilson

studied philosophy and medicine at the University of Tubingen. He attempted to correlate body build and constitution with characters of temperamental reactions and mentally. He distinguished four (4) principal types of physiques:

Ernst Kretchmer

lean, slightly built, narrow shoulders; their crimes are petty thievery and fraud;

Asthenic

medium to tall, strong, muscular, coarse bones; they are usually connected with crimes of violence;

Athletic

medium height, rounded figures, massive neck, broad face; they tend to commit deception, fraud and violence

Pyknic

combination of two body types and persons having any predominant type. Their offenses are against decency and morality.

Dysplastic

He developed cranioscopy, a method to study the personality and development of mental and moral faculties based on the external shape of the skull. Cranioscopy was later renamed as phrenology, the study that deals with the relationship between the skull and human behavior.

Franz Joseph Gall

advocated the Imitation-Suggestion Theory which states that Delinquency and crime pattern are learned and adopted. The learning process either be conscious type copying or unconscious copying of confronting pattern of behavior.

Gabriel Tarde

advocated the “Individual Delinquency” wherein crime is the expression of the mental content of the individual. Frustration of the individual causes emotional discomfort, personality demands removal of pain and the pain is eliminated by substitute behavior that is the start of the crime delinquency of an individual.

Healy

He is known especially for his 1912 work The Kallikak Family: A Study in the Heredity of FeebleMindedness. He also introduced the term "moron" into the field.

Henry Goddard

invented the pseudonym Kallikak by combining a Greek root meaning "beauty"(kallos) with one meaning "bad" (kakos). The lesson was clearand dramatic: the study linked medical and moral deviance andfused the new mendelian laws with the old biblical injunctionthat "the sins of the fathers shall be visited on the sons

Henry Goddard

is a theory based upon the idea that the assessment of the person's outer appearance, primarily the face, may give insights into one's character or personality

Physiognomy

One family tree that contradicted the theory that criminality is inherited. A famous preacher in the colonial period, none of his descendants were found to be criminals.

Jonathan Edwards family

advocated the DOT - Differential Opportunity Theory.

Llyod Ohlin

Father of Psychoanalytical Theory

Sigmund Freud

This stands for instinctual drives, which represent our unconscious biological needs for food, sex, and other life sustaining necessities including aggression as well as primitive needs that are present at birth. This pleasure – seeking part of human personality is concerned about gratification of one’s wishes.

This forms part of man’s physical organization between his sensory stimuli, on one hand, and his motor activity on the other. The ego operates on the basis of expediency. This puts into action the desires or wishes of the id and the questions of right or wrong, safe or dangerous, permitted or prohibited, do not play an important role.

Ego

This is the moral aspect of people’s personalities. This develops as a result of incorporating within the personality the moral standards and values of parents, community and significant others. This is also known as the conscience of our personality.

Super Ego

He is a British Geneticist, who developed techniques for DNA fingerprinting and DNA profiling.

Sir Alec John Jeffreys

He is regarded as the “Father of Modern Policing System.”

Sir Robert Peel

He is the first chairman of the board of criminology.

Sixto de Leon

He presented the most recent, and most popular, version of social control theory. He synthesized and elaborated on the work of other social control theories, provided a clearer picture of what was meant by a social bond

Travis Hirschi

He saw a society composed of groups, which, while sharing some values, had otherwise, different lifestyles and norms. The lower class was simply a separate culture whose expectations and values were different from those of the middle class. He came to see delinquency as an expression of culture present in slum neighborhoods.

Walter B. Miller

He advocated the containment theory. This theory is a form of control which suggests that a series of both internal and external factors contributes to criminal behavior.

Walter Reckless

He is Dutch criminologist who believed in a causal link between crime and economic and social conditions. He asserted that crime is social in origin and a normal response to prevailing cultural conditions.

Willem Adrian Bonger