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Electrical Engineering Utilities > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q
  • Lighting accounts for _________ of the electricity consumed in the _________ and ______and almost ___of total global electricity consumption.
A

20 to 25%, United States, Canada, 20%

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2
Q

The fundamental reasons for providing light in a space are to make the objects in the space visible and to conduct activities that must take place in the space.

A

T

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3
Q
  • ______________provides the right quantity of ______, with excellent color ______ and minimal _______. ____________ has been shown to improve productivity and enhance worker satisfaction.
A

Good architectural lighting, light, rendition, glare, Quality lighting

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4
Q

______ has played an important role in human activity throughout history. Up until the early part of the 20th century, people have relied on _________ and __________ such as wood, candle wax, whale oil, coal oil, coal gas, and kerosene but with the advent of _____ and ______________ communities started switching to the safer, cost-effective electricity powered lighting.

A

Light, natural lighting, flame sources, electricity, incandescent lamps

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5
Q

the earliest known unit of illumination still used today.

A

Foot-candle

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6
Q

a German chemist invented a more efficient _________ in _____ which was critical to the development of _______________.

A

Herman Sprengel, vacuum pump, 1865, incandescent light bulb

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7
Q

first developed a working __________ using ___________ in ____________.

A

Joseph Swan, incandescent light bulb, carbon-filament lamp, February 5, 1879.

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8
Q
  • First announced the successful development of an
    _____________ with a baked __________________ in _____________.
A

Thomas Alva Edison, incandescent lamp, carbonized cotton thread filament, Dec. 21, 1879.

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9
Q
  • First to develop a commercially feasible _________, a low cost lamp that could remain lit for a long period of time.
A

Thomas Alva Edison, electric light

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10
Q
  • _______, ___________ later known as ______________ powered incandescent streetlights and lamps in parts of London and later in New York which served as a model for future utilities.
A

Thomas Alva Edison, 1882, Edison Electric Light Company, Consolidated Edison Company

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11
Q
  • On __________, the ____________ became the first commercial utility to produce and transmit hydroelectric power.
A

August 26, 1895, Niagara Falls Power Company

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12
Q
  • In ______, ___________ introduced ___________, an electric light source that is more efficient than the ______________.
A

1939, General Electric, fluorescent lighting, incandescent lamp

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13
Q
  • Developed ________, ___________, and _________ that govern the design and construction of building lighting and electrical systems.
A

Professional Organization, technical standards, specifications and design techniques

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14
Q

IESNA

A

Illuminating Engineering Society of North America

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15
Q

LALD

A

International Association of Lighting Designers

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16
Q

NEMA

A

National Electrical Manufactures Association

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17
Q

ALA

A

The American Lighting Association

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18
Q
  • model code that specifies the minimum provision necessary for protecting people and property from the use of electricity and electrical equipment.
A

National Electrical Code (NEC)

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19
Q
  • applies to both the ________ and installation of ________________.
A

National Electrical Code (NEC), manufacture, electrical equipment

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20
Q

Most municipalities and countries require that _______ and __________ electrical wiring conform to the ____. In some jurisdiction, certain NEC requirements are superseded by local requirements.

A

residential, commercial, NEC

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21
Q
  • Addresses energy consumption in commercial and high rise residential buildings.
A

ASHRAE/IESNA 90.1 (American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers, Inc./Illuminating Engineering Society of North America, Inc., Standard 90.1)

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22
Q
  • Sets minimum performance standards for building systems and components that have an impact on building energy consumption, including the building envelope, heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems, and lighting.
A

ASHRAE/IESNA 90.1 (American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers, Inc./Illuminating Engineering Society of North America, Inc., Standard 90.1)

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23
Q
  • Design of a _____________ involves application of a blend between scientific principles, artistic skill, and design experience.
A

Elements of seeing; good lighting system

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24
Q
  • ______ is that branch of physics that relates to the properties of _____and the function of _____. It involves a study of the __________ and how it interacts with light.
A

Optics, light , vision, human visual system

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25
Q

The _________ of a human is composed of the ____, ________, and certain parts of the _______.

A

visual system, eye, optic nerve, brain

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26
Q
  • The____ is the organ that allows human to sense light and produce electrical impulses that will be sent through the optic nerve to the brain.
A

eye

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27
Q
  • The _____ is that part of the visual system where the impulses are processed.
A

brain

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28
Q
  • The ____ functions much like a simple, very crude camera. Rays of light pass through the transparent ____ of the eye and through an opening called the _____.
A

eye, cornea, pupil

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29
Q
  • The ____ surrounds the ____ and adjusts for the amount of light available. It opens and closes to control the quantity of light the ________ receives, much like the _______ on a camera opens and closes to limit the light to which the film is exposed.
A

iris, pupil, interior of the eye, aperture

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30
Q
  • The _____ is a transparent ellipsoidal medium that changes _______, allowing it to bend and focus the rays of light entering the interior of the eye. The _____ thickens to focus rays of light from objects nearby and narrows to focus light from distant objects. The lens concentrates the rays of light on the ______, a membrane on the back of the eye.
A

lens, thickness, retina

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31
Q

The _______ is composed of nerve cells with photoreceptors that are shaped like rods and cones.

A

retina

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32
Q
  • These ___________ do not discern color well, so dimly lit objects are perceived as being uncolored- that is, seen in shades of ____. The _______ that are shaped like _____ provide color vision and respond best to bright light.
A

photoreceptors, gray, photoreceptors, cones

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33
Q
  • There are three different types of cone-shaped photoreceptors in the retina. Each type responds to one of the primary colors of light: ______, ______, and _______. In individuals with normal vision, the electrical impulses from each cone blend together to create the sensation of other colors. However, about 5% of the population, mostly males has defective color vision.
A

red, green, and blue

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34
Q
  • _________ is the inability to distinguish colors. The most common form of color blindness is found on those individuals who have difficulty distinguishing red from green. Individuals who are completely red green color blind see yellows and blues normally, but have trouble differentiating reds and greens. They tend to see reds and greens as yellow. Individuals who are totally color blind see only black, white, and shades of gray.
A

Color blindness

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35
Q

Fundamental reasons for providing light in a space

A

To make the objects in the space visible and to conduct activities that must take place in the space

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36
Q

_ provides the right quantity of _, with excellent _ _ and _ _ . _____ has been shown to improve productivity and enhance worker satisfaction

A

Good architectural lighting provides the right quantity of light, with excellent color rendition and minimal glare. Quality lighting has been shown to improve productivity and enhance worker satisfaction.

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37
Q

This chapter introduces basic lighting terminology and the procedures of _ This presentation highlights material that acquaints the technician with basic design principles

A

simple lighting design

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38
Q

A Chronicle of Artificial Lighting

A
  1. Light has played an important role in human activity throughout history
  2. Up until the early part of the 20th century, people have relied on natural lighting and flame sources such as wood, candle wax, whale oil, coal oil, coal gas and kerosene
  3. With the advent of electricity and incandescent lamps, communities started switching to the safer, cost-effective electricity powered lighting
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39
Q

The earliest known unit of illumination still used today

A

Foot-candle

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40
Q

______________- A German chemist who invented a more efficient __________ in ______which was critical to the development of incandescent light bulb

A

Herman Sprengel, vacuum pump, 1865

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41
Q

_________- First developed a working ______________ using ______________ in _________.

A

Joseph Swan, incandescent light bulb, carbon-filament lamp, February 5, 1879

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42
Q

____________- First announced the successful development of an incandescent lamp with a baked carbonized cotton thread filament in ___________
First to develop a commercially feasible ___________, a low-cost lamp that could remain lit for a long period of time

A

Thomas Alva Edison, December 21, 1879, electric light

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43
Q

(year) - ________________ later known as ______________ powered incandescent streetlights and lamps in parts of London and later in New York which served as a model for future utilities

A

1882, Edison Electric Light Company, Consolidated Edison Company

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44
Q

(date) - The ______________ became the first commercial utility to produce and transmit hydroelectric power

A

August 26, 1895, Niagara Falls Power Company

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45
Q

)year) -__________ introduced __________, an electric light source that is more efficient than the incandescent lamp

A

1939, General Electric , fluorescent lighting

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46
Q

Professional organizations related to building lighting and electrical systems

A

Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA)
International Association of Lighting Designers (LALD)
National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA)
American Lighting Association (ALA)

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47
Q

Model code that specifies the minimum provisions necessary for protecting people and property from the use of electricity and electrical equipment
Applies to both the manufacture and installation of electrical equipment
Most municipalities and counties require that residential and commercial electrical wiring conform to the NEC
In some jurisdictions, certain NEC requirements are superseded by local requirements
Lighting installations powered by electricity must comply with this code

A

National Electrical Code (NEC)

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48
Q

Addresses energy consumption in commercial and high-rise residential buildings
Sets minimum performance standards for building systems and components that have an impact on building energy consumption, including the building envelope, heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems, and lighting

A

ASHRAE/IESNA 90.1

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49
Q

Design of a good lighting system involves application of a blend between scientific principles, artistic skill, and design experience

A

Elements of Seeing

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50
Q

Branch of physics that relates to the properties of light and the function of vision
Involves a study of the human visual system and how it interacts with light

A

optics

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51
Q

Composed of the eye, optic nerve, and certain parts of the brain

A

Visual system

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52
Q

Organ that allows a human to sense light and produce electrical impulses that will be sent through the optic nerve to the brain

A

Eye

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53
Q

Number of ______ cycles per second
Expressed in units of _______.

A

Frequency, wave, hertz (Hz)

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54
Q

Most light sources emit _ composed of different wavelengths of light

A

electromagnetic radiation

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55
Q

Sunlight striking the earth’s outer atmosphere is made up of _ (about 5%), __ (about 45%), and __ (about 50%) radiation

A

ultraviolet, visible light, infrared

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56
Q

Classifications of electromagnetic radiation spectrum

A

Cosmic rays
Gamma rays
X-rays
Ultraviolet
Visible light
Infrared
Microwaves
TV waves
Radio waves

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57
Q

Visible light spectrum by color

A

Violet (380-450 nm)
Blue (450-495 nm)
Green (495-570 nm)
Yellow (570-590 nm)
Orange (590-620 nm)
Red (620-750 nm)

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58
Q

Part of the electromagnetic radiation spectrum that is capable of exciting the retina and ultimately producing a visual sensation
The wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation to which the human eye is sensitive

A

Visible light

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59
Q

The amount of light incident on (striking) a surface

A

Illuminance

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60
Q

How bright an object appears
The eye sees luminance as the light leaving an object, but the eye cannot see it without visible light reflecting off the object in the direction of the viewer

A

Luminance

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61
Q

The ratio of reflected light versus the light striking the surface
___________ occurs when light is reflected off a polished or mirror-like surface

A

Reflectance, Specular reflection

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62
Q

The ratio of light transmitted through a body to the light illuminating the surface
A _______________ transmits light without distorting the image
___________ is a type of translucent medium
_______________ is an example of a transparent medium

A

Transmittance, transparent body, Frosted glass, Ordinary window glass

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63
Q

Pigment colors

A

Magenta (purplish red), cyan (greenish blue), and yellow

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64
Q

Produces visible light in a very small range of wavelengths

A

Monochromatic light

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65
Q

Emits a fairly even distribution of all wavelengths of light

A

Chromatic light

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66
Q

Renders all colors evenly on a multicolored surface

A

White light

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67
Q

Renders different colors unevenly

A

Poor color quality light

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68
Q

Methods to rate color quality

A

Color Temperature
Color Rendering Index

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69
Q

Ability to distinguish fine details, necessary for tasks like reading, writing, etc.

A

Visual acuity

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70
Q

_ text on white background is easy to see due to high contrast in reflectance

A

Black

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71
Q

Light gray text on dark _ background is hard to see due to similar reflectance

A

gray

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72
Q

Device that generates light

A

Lamp

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73
Q

Categories of lamps

A

Incandescent
Gaseous Discharge

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74
Q

Provide light through ____________, the emission of light caused by heating the filament

A

Incandescent lamps, incandescence

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75
Q

Low-pressure
High-intensity discharge (HID)

A

Gaseous discharge lamps

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76
Q

Low-pressure discharge lamps

A

Fluorescent
Mercury vapor
Low-pressure sodium

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77
Q

High-intensity discharge lamps

A

Metal halide
High-pressure sodium

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78
Q

Complete lighting unit consisting of lamps, lamp sockets, lenses, refractors, louvers, ballasts, and housing

A

Luminaire

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79
Q

Luminaire without lamps

A

Light fixture

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80
Q

Generally used to describe a luminaire

A

Lantern

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81
Q

Measure of the perceived power of light, expressed in lumens

A

Luminous flux

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82
Q

SI unit of luminous intensity, the power emitted by a light source in a particular direction

A

Candela

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83
Q

Incandescent filament temperature

A

Ranges from 4600-6000°F (2300-3000 K)

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84
Q

Emit visible light by heating a filament to incandescence
Advantages: low cost, reliability, familiarity, good color rendition
Disadvantages: short life, poor efficacy

A

Incandescent lamps

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85
Q

Sodium (HPS)

A

Pressure

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86
Q

Internal
External

A

Lamp Types

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87
Q

Emit visible light as a result of heating; they incandesce

A

Incandescent Lamps

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88
Q

Also known as “Light Bulb” by the lay consumer

A

Incandescent Lamps

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89
Q

(year) -___________ introduced a commercially successful lamp and the basic design of incandescent lamp remained unchanged

A

1890s, Thomas Edison

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90
Q

Advantages of Incandescent Lamps

A

low lamp cost
reliability
familiarity
good color rendition

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91
Q

The ability to distinguish and interpret different wavelengths of visible light
Artificial and natural (daylight) light sources are composed of many wavelengths having varying magnitudes
An _____________ will selectively absorb different proportions of each of these wavelengths and reflect the remainder toward the viewer

A

Color perception, opaque object

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92
Q

A light source producing a blend of wavelengths that are evenly distributed across the light spectrum is perceived by the human eye as _ or normal light

A

white

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93
Q

Part of the visual system where the impulses are processed

A

Brain

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94
Q

The eye functions much like a _, very crude camera

A

simple

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95
Q

Surrounds the pupil and adjusts for the amount of light available
Opens and closes to control the quantity of light the interior of the eye receives, much like the aperture on a camera opens and closes to limit the light to which the film is exposed

A

Iris

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96
Q

Transparent ellipsoidal medium that changes thickness, allowing it to bend and focus the rays of light entering the interior of the eye
_________ to focus rays of light from objects nearby and _______ to focus light from distant objects
Concentrates the rays of light on the _______

A

Lens, Thickens, narrows, retina

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97
Q

Composed of nerve cells with photoreceptors that are shaped like rods and cones
_____________ do not discern color well, so dimly lit objects are perceived as being uncolored-that is, seen in shades of gray
Photoreceptors that are shaped like ________ provide color vision and respond best to bright light

A

Retina, Photoreceptors, cones

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98
Q

Three different types in the retina, each responding to one of the primary colors of light: red, green, and blue
In individuals with normal vision, the electrical impulses from each cone blend together to create the sensation of other colors

A

Cone-shaped photoreceptors, electrical impulses

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99
Q

Inability to distinguish colors
Most common form is found in those individuals who have difficulty distinguishing red from green
Individuals who are completely red-green color-blind see yellows and blues normally, but have trouble differentiating reds and greens
Individuals who are totally color-blind see only black, white, and shades of gray

A

Color blindness

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100
Q

-________
Form of energy known as __________
Travels as an ____________
Travels through the vacuum of space - unlike sound
Travels at _________

A

Light, electromagnetic radiation, electromagnetic wave, 300 000 km/s

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101
Q

Energy radiated in the form of a wave caused by an electric field interacting with a magnetic field
Result of the acceleration of charged particles
Categorized by wavelength and frequency

A

Electromagnetic radiation

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102
Q

Measured as the distance from one peak of one wave to the next wave
Expressed in meters or nanometers (1 nm = 0.000 000 001 meter or one billionth of a meter)

A

Wavelength

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103
Q

Most light sources emit _ composed of different wavelengths of light

A

electromagnetic radiation

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104
Q

Part of the electromagnetic radiation spectrum that is capable of exciting the retina and ultimately producing a visual sensation
The wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation to which the human eye is sensitive

A

Visible light

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105
Q

Red, green, and blue
Can be used in various combinations to produce any other color by adding color
When they are combined together, they produce white

A

Primary colors of light

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106
Q

Magenta (purplish red), cyan (greenish blue), and yellow
They are opposite to the primary colors of light

A

Primary colors of pigments

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107
Q

Composed of many wavelengths having varying magnitudes

A

Light sources

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108
Q

Selectively absorbs different proportions of each wavelength and reflects the remainder toward the viewer

A

Opaque object

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109
Q

Colors of objects

A

Violet or blue (absorbs all longer wavelengths, reflects shorter)
Magenta
Red
White
Violet
Cyan
Yellow
Green

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110
Q

Blend of wavelengths that are evenly distributed across the light spectrum

A

White light

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111
Q

Primary colors of light

A

Red, green, and blue wavelengths that can be combined to produce any other color

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112
Q

Pigment colors

A

Magenta (purplish red), cyan (greenish blue), and yellow

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113
Q

Produces visible light in a very small range of wavelengths

A

Monochromatic light

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114
Q

Emits a fairly even distribution of all wavelengths of light

A

Chromatic light

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115
Q

Renders all colors evenly on a multicolored surface

A

White light

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116
Q

Provide light through incandescence, the emission of light caused by heating the filament

A

Incandescent lamps

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117
Q

Low-pressure
High-intensity discharge (HID)

A

Gaseous discharge lamps

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118
Q

Complete lighting unit consisting of lamps, lamp sockets, lenses, refractors, louvers, ballasts, and housing

A

Luminaire

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119
Q

Luminaire without lamps

A

Light fixture

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120
Q

Generally used to describe a luminaire

A

Lantern

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121
Q

Measure of the perceived power of light, expressed in lumens

A

Luminous flux

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122
Q

SI unit of luminous intensity, the power emitted by a light source in a particular direction

A

Candela

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123
Q

Incandescent
Gaseous Discharge

A

Categories of lamps

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124
Q

Provide light through incandescence, the emission of light caused by heating the filament

A

Incandescent lamps

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125
Q

Emit visible light as a result of heating; they incandesce

A

Incandescent Lamps

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126
Q

Also known as “Light Bulb” by the lay consumer

A

Incandescent Lamps

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127
Q

Advantages of Incandescent Lamps

A

low lamp cost
reliability
familiarity
good color rendition

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128
Q

Emit visible light by heating a filament to incandescence
Advantages: low cost, reliability, familiarity, good color rendition
Disadvantages: short life, poor efficacy

A

Incandescent lamps

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129
Q

Threaded or pinned bases

A

Medium Base
Candelabra Base
Mogul Base

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130
Q
  • familiar threaded base found with ordinary lamp up to 300 W.
A

Medium Base

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131
Q
  • smaller threaded base used in ornamental lighting such as chandeliers.
A

Candelabra Base

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132
Q
  • larger threaded base found on lamps that are 300 W or greater/
A

Mogul Base

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133
Q

Special use incandescent lamps

A

Long-life lamps
Rough service lamps
Plastic-coated lamps
Low-voltage lamps

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134
Q

Frequently called halogen lamps, a smaller, brighter, and more expensive version of incandescent lamp

A

Tungsten-Halogen Lamps

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135
Q

Contain high-pressure halogen gases such as iodine or bromine allow the tungsten filaments to be operated at higher temperatures and efficacies; higher advantages of better color rendition, more light output, and a longer life

A

Tungsten-Halogen Lamps

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136
Q

Generate intense heat and require adequate clearance and good ventilation for heat dissipation

A

Tungsten-Halogen Lamps

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137
Q

It cannot be touched by hand without depositing residual skin oils that substantially reduce the life of the quartz glass bulb

A

Tungsten-Halogen Lamps

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138
Q

Electricity passing through a gas such that it causes the gas to arc, it produces continuous light by passing electricity through a gas contained within the lamp, unlike incandescent lamps that produce light by getting a filament hot

A

Gaseous Discharge Lamps

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139
Q

are miniaturized fluorescent lamps, manufactured with integral ballast and a standard screw base that can be installed in a standard light fixture in place of incandescent lamps, designed as a substitute for standard size incandescent lamp

A

Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFL)

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140
Q

comes in a variety of shapes, wattages, and Voltages, Straight-, circular-, and U-shaped tubes available, with the 48-in straight tube the most common

A

Fluorescent light fixture

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141
Q

are available in wattages of between 20 to 125 W and lengths of 6 to 96 inches

A

Fluorescent Lamps

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142
Q

have a variety of colors or temperatures such as Daylight, Cool White, Soft White, Warm White, and Deluxe Warm White that cover the color temperature range from 3000 to 6500 K, the ______ blend in a fluorescent lamp determines the color temperature and color rendering of the light emitted by the lamp

A

Fluorescent Lamps, phosphor

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143
Q

__________- ________ are the most popular, least expensive, and lowest quality phosphors

A

Fluorescent Lamps, Halo phosphors

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144
Q

are designed to operate at a specific air temperature, usually a surrounding air temperature of 77°F (25°C)

A

Fluorescent Lamps

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145
Q

is the ratio of light (the luminous flux, in lumens) emitted by a fluorescent luminaire to the total electrical power (in watts) required to operate the luminaire

A

Luminaire Efficacy Rating (LER)

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146
Q

Luminaire Efficacy Rating (LER) is the ratio of light (the luminous flux, in lumens) emitted by a fluorescent luminaire to the electrical energy consumed, including the _

A

ballast

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147
Q

_______ produce a very bright light by __________ when electrical current passes through a metal gas contained under high pressure in a glass bulb

A

HID lamps, discharging an arc

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148
Q

The gas is under higher pressure compared to fluorescent lamps
The lamp is physically smaller compared than that of the fluorescent lamp
The light emitted from HID lamps are more concentrated

A

HID Lamps

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149
Q

Common Types of HID Lamps

A

Mercury Vapor (MV) Lamps
Metal Halide (MH) Lamps
High-Pressure Sodium (HPS) Lamps
Low-Pressure Sodium (LPS) Lamps

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150
Q

The first commercially available HID lamps
High pressure MV lamps without color correction produce a blue-white light directly from their discharge arc
Constructed of an internal quartz tube enclosed in an outer glass envelope
A small amount of liquid mercury is sealed in an argon gas fill inside the quartz tube
After the warm-up period, the arc emits both visible and ultraviolet (UV) light
Phosphor coatings can be added to improve color rendition
Available in wattages ranging from 50 to 1000 W

A

Mercury Vapor Lamps

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151
Q

Constructed similar to MV lamps except that it has various metal halides added to mercury and argon in the glass fill
Offers much better efficacy and color rendition compared to MV lamps
Available in wattages ranging from 32 to 1000 W
Produce high levels of UV radiation that must be shielded by glass in the lamp or fixture
Use of metal halides increases luminous efficiency and improves color rendition
No phosphor is needed to produce a cool white color, but some may be added to improve rendering of oranges and reds

A

Metal Halide Lamps

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152
Q

Contain an internal arc tube made of a translucent ceramic material rather than quartz glass because of the high temperature (2350 °F/1300 °C)
Available in wattages ranging from 18 to 1000 W and vary more widely than other HID lamps in their efficacy and color quality
The arc tube is enclosed in an outer glass envelope like other HID lamps
A small amount of solid metallic sodium and mercury is sealed in a xenon gas fill inside the ceramic arc tube

A

High-Pressure Sodium Lamps

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153
Q

Produce a monochromatic yellow light consisting almost entirely of orange-yellow wavelengths
Constructed of a large sodium-resistant glass tube containing sodium and a neon-argon gas mixture
Excess sodium is contained in the arc tube because the glass may absorb or react with some of the sodium
The inner surface of the outer bulb is coated with a material that reflects infrared radiation but passes visible light
Full light output does not occur immediately when power is applied, there is a start-up time delay called _______ before the lamp reaches it peak output
A restart delay called the _______ time of one to several minutes is needed before the lamp reaches its peak output
Unlike fluorescent lamps, these generate full light output at low air temperatures, although a special ballast may be needed

A

Low-Pressure Sodium Lamps, strike time, restrike

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154
Q

Combine the luminous efficiency of an HID lamp with the good color rendering capability of an incandescent lamp
Have no start time and thus total luminous flux is available immediately
Color rendition is fair to good

A

Blended Lamps

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155
Q

Advantage: They are directly interchangeable with incandescent lamps and have a longer lamp life
Disadvantage: They cannot be dimmed

A

Mercury-Tungsten Blended Lamps

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156
Q

A blue or near-UV chip is coated with phosphor(s) to emit white light

A

Phosphor conversion

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157
Q

Light from multiple monochromatic LEDs (red, green, and blue) is mixed, resulting in white light

A

RGB systems

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158
Q

_ and HID lamps have some mercury content

A

Fluorescent

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159
Q

Vibration and shock resistant
No moving parts, no fragile glass, no mercury, no toxic gasses, and no filament
Not subject to sudden failure or burnout and have an exceptionally long life (50 000+ to 100 000 hours)
Gradually degrade in performance over time
Low voltage and cool to touch
Emit light in a specific focused direction, reducing the need for reflectors and diffusers that can trap light
Well suited for decorative and accent lighting such as that found in retail stores, theaters, and restaurants

A

LEDs

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160
Q

Illuminated signage used to provide clear directions for an emergency exit of building occupants

A

Exit Lighting

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161
Q

_________- A luminaire that is hang with a cord, chain, or tube that enables it to be suspended from a _____ or other support, _________ light over the entire space

A

Pendent
ceiling, broadcasts

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162
Q

__________- A luminaire where a _________ source directs its light to the ceiling, where it is reflected back to the space

A

Uplight
shielded light

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163
Q

_________- A luminaire that is usually attached to or recessed in the ceiling and emits a concentrated light ________

A

Downlight
downward

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164
Q

__________A type of downlight that is a recessed, canister-shaped luminaire with a shielded lamp that emits light downward

A

High Hat

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165
Q

_________Mounted above the ceiling or behind a wall or other surface so that any visible projection of light is insignificant

A

Recessed Luminaires

166
Q

_________- Decorative, wall-mounted luminaires that provide ambient illumination, can direct light upward, downward, or in all directions

A

Scones

167
Q

___________- Used in high-ceiling areas, 20 ft (6 m) or higher, that require uniform illumination, high wattage (200 W or more) to deliver light over long distances, fixture size is fairly large, about 2 ft (0.6 m)

A

High Bay Luminaires

168
Q

__________- More compact, designed for use in low- to medium-ceiling areas, 12 to 20 ft (3 to 6 m), typically used for general illumination in offices, retail spaces, and loading dock areas

A

Low Bay Luminaires

169
Q

___________- A luminaire that is designed to emit an intense, concentrated beam of light with usually no more than a 20° divergence (spread) from where it is directed

A

Spotlight

170
Q

____________- A luminaire that emits an intense light that is broader than a spotlight and that is capable of being pointed in any direction

A

Floodlight

171
Q

__________- Illumination where light received at the work plane or light illuminating an object is incident predominantly from a particular direction, spot, flood, and track lighting are common types

A

Directional Lighting

172
Q

_____________- A directional lighting installation where luminaires are attached to and are moveable along a metal track

A

Track Lighting

173
Q

____________- Lighting installation in which the light on the working plane or on an object is not incident predominantly from a particular direction, light is cast and disbursed over a large area

A

Diffused Lighting

174
Q

___________- A lighting component such as a translucent glass refractor that redirects or scatters the light from a source

A

Diffuser

175
Q

___________- Lighting installation where the light source is shielded by a panel that is parallel to the wall and attached to the ceiling, distributes light over the wall

A

Cornice Lighting

176
Q

_______________- Uplighting installation where the light source is shielded by a ledge or recess with light dispersed over the ceiling and upper wall

A

Cove Lighting

177
Q

__________- Lighting installation where the light source is shielded by a panel that is parallel to the wall at the top of a window

A

Valance Lighting

178
Q

__________- Widely used for general lighting installations in buildings, __________________ are available in recessed, surface-mounted, or pendent style fixture designs, produce a diffuse light that is relatively glare free and visually comfortable

A

Fluorescent Lighting, fluorescent luminaires

179
Q

Types of Fluorescent Luminaires

A

Lensed
Parabolic Louvered
Wraparound

180
Q

Have a flat lens to diffuse the light

A

Lensed

181
Q

Have parabolic-shaped reflectors and open louvers to direct the light downward

A

Parabolic Louvered

182
Q

Have a lens that wraps around the lamps to diffuse and direct the light outward

A

Wraparound

183
Q

_______ A linear luminaire constructed of an inverted metal trough that serves as a fixture for fluorescent lighting lamps, usually installed with the opening flush with the ceiling

A

Troffer

184
Q

______________ can be incorporated in a luminous ceiling that is constructed of open fluorescent luminaires mounted above a translucent suspended ceiling, or used in a strip installation consisting of rows of bare-bone fixtures with exposed lamps

A

Fluorescent luminaires

185
Q
  • have a flat lens to diffuse the light.
A

Lensed

186
Q

New Lamp and Luminaire Designs


A

Halogen and Compact fluorescent lamps
Metal Halide Lamp
High Pressure Sodium (HPS) Lamps
Low Pressure Sodium (LPS) Lamps
Incandescent, Halogen, and High-intensity Discharge (HID) lamps

187
Q
  • offer excellent lighting and solution to specific lighting problems
A

New Lamp and luminaire designs

188
Q

Small, offer low maintenance, and have excellent light and color qualities

A

Halogen and Compact fluorescent lamps


189
Q

Good color rendering qualities and work well in spaces with high ceiling

A

Metal Halide Lamp


190
Q

Used when color rendition is not important such as factories and warehouse

A

High Pressure Sodium (HPS) Lamps


191
Q

Rarely used in building interiors because they produce a monochromatic yellow light that renders even the most vibrant colors in the shade of yellow

A

Low Pressure Sodium (LPS) Lamps


192
Q

Produce a very intense light, a direct view of the lamp can be extremely irritating, even with diffusion globes or lenses the light can be very intense

A

Incandescent, Halogen, and High-intensity Discharge (HID) lamps


193
Q

Specific type of luminaries approved for areas such as paint spray booths, flammable chemical areas, refinement plants and corrosive areas, tested and listed by agencies like Underwriters Laboratory, Inc. (UL)

A

Hazardous Locations


194
Q

Incandescent, compact fluorescent or HID lamps with a built-in reflecting surface, HID and Incandescent versions are made from a single piece of bowl-molded soft or hard glass, compact fluorescent versions may be one piece or designed so that the inner lamp can be replaced

A

Reflector Lamps


195
Q

Incandescent lamp with an elliptically shaped reflector, particularly effective at increasing efficiency of baffled-down lights

A

Elliptical Reflector (ER) Lamp


196
Q

May use an incandescent filament, halogen filament tube, or HID arc tube, is a pressed-glass reflector lamp that relies on both internal reflector and prisms in the lens for the control of the light beam

A

Parabolic Aluminized Reflector (PAR) Lamp


197
Q

An advanced lighting technology that transports light from a single source over a distance to one or more light outlets, emits light evenly along the way, more costly than traditional lighting installations, used in decorations and gives healthy and safety benefits as it releases less ultraviolet energy and infrared, but is less energy efficient

A

Remote-Source Lighting Installations


198
Q

Made from a single piece of bowl-molded soft or hard glass. Compact fluorescent versions may be one piece or designed so that the inner lamp can be replaced.

A

Reflector Lamp


199
Q

Types of Reflector Lamp


A

Elliptical Reflector (ER) Lamp
Parabolic Aluminized Reflector (PAR) Lamp

200
Q

Incandescent lamp with an elliptically shaped reflector. Particularly effective at increasing efficiency of baffled-down lights.

A

Elliptical Reflector (ER) Lamp


201
Q

May use an incandescent filament, halogen filament tube, or HID arc tube, is a pressed-glass reflector lamp. Rely on both internal reflector and prisms in the lens for the control of the light beam.

A

Parabolic Aluminized Reflector (PAR) Lamp


202
Q

An advanced lighting technology that transports light from a single source over a distance to one or more light outlets. Emits light evenly along the way. More costly than traditional lighting installations. Provides health and safety benefits by releasing less ultraviolet energy and infrared. Less energy efficient than conventional systems.

A

Remote-Source Lighting (RSL) Installations


203
Q

Systems of Remote-Source Lighting (RSL)


A

Fiber optic RSL systems
Light pipe RSL systems

204
Q

A set of reflectors, filters, and lenses to feed the light of fiber optic cables and a fixture to distribute the light at the point of illumination. The number of fixtures depends on the intensity of the light source.

A

Fiber optic RSL systems


205
Q

A hollow tube with a reflective inner surface that directs light through the tube. The most common linings are __________ films and _________.

A

Light pipe RSL systems, prismatic films and mirrored surface

206
Q

A graphical representation that illustrates the luminous intensity around the cross-section of a lamp or luminaire. It is a curve on a polar graph that shows the relative luminous intensity, in candela, around the lamp or luminaire. A cross-sectional map of intensity (candelas) measured at many different angles. It is a two-dimensional representation and therefore shows data for one plane only.

A

Candlepower (Candela) Distribution Curve


207
Q

If the distribution of the unit is symmetric, the ______ in one plane is sufficient for all calculations. If the distribution of the unit is asymmetric, such as with ______ and fluorescent units, three or more planes are required.

A

curve, street lighting

208
Q

Categories of Light Distribution Produced By Luminaires


A

Direct
Indirect
Semidirect
General diffuse/ direct-indirect
Highlighting

209
Q
  • 90 to 100% of the light is directed downward for maximum use
A

Direct

210
Q
  • 90 to 100% of the light is directed to the ceilings and upper walls and is reflected to all parts of a room or 90 to 100% of the light is directed downward for maximum use.
A

Indirect

211
Q
  • 60 to 90% of the light is directed downward with the remainder directed upward
A

Semidirect

212
Q
  • equal portions of the light are directed upward and downward
A

General diffuse/ direct- indirect

213
Q
  • beam projection distance and focusing ability to characterize this luminaire
A

Highlighting

214
Q
  • is excessive brightness in the field of vision that causes discomfort or, in extreme cases, produces a _______ from a temporary loss of vision. A _________ caused by luminance that is sufficiently greater than the luminance to which the eyes are adapted. ______ can be an irritant of or impediment to vision.
A

Glare
disability,
visual sensation, Glare

215
Q

A rating of a lighting installation expressed as a percentage of individuals who, when viewing from a specified location and in a specified direction, will be expected to find it acceptable in terms of discomfort glare. In most spaces, the VCP should exceed 70%.

A

Visual Comfort Probability (VCP)


216
Q

Types of Glare


A

Discomfort glare
Disability glare
Direct glare
Reflected glare

217
Q
  • causes visual discomfort without necessarily impairing vision.
A

Discomfort glare

218
Q
  • occurs when visibility is impaired from excessive brightness.
A

Disability glare

219
Q
  • occurs when excessive light enters the eye directly from a light source
A

Direct glare

220
Q
  • the result of light entering the eye after reflecting off a glossy surface. A common type is ______________: the reflection on a computer screen or on a glossy sheet in a magazine.
A

Reflected glare, veiling reflection

221
Q

A zone above a 45° angle from the fixture’s vertical axis. When light is emitted into the glare zone, direct glare and reflected glare are likely, so light emitted in the glare zone can cause visual discomfort.

A

Glare Zone


222
Q

Positioning and selecting light fixtures that do not throw light in the ________ is a good way to reduce problems with ______.

A

glare zone, glare

223
Q

In small spaces, _____ lighting techniques consisting of cornice, cove, and valance lighting installations diffuse light well and prevent _______.

A

indirect, glare

224
Q

Uplights direct their light to the ______, where it is reflected back to the space, preventing ______.

A

ceiling, glare.

225
Q

Properly designed _____ use ______ to prevent light from being thrown into the glare zone.

A

downlights, baffles

226
Q

Most linear fluorescent fixtures use either a ___ or a louver to prevent direct viewing of the _______ so direct glare is prevented.

A

lens, lamps

227
Q

Typically made from clear UV-stabilized plastics. ________ types include prismatic, batwing, linear batwing, and polarized lenses. White translucent diffusers are much less efficient than clear lenses, and they result in relatively low visual comfort probability. New low-glare lens materials are available for retrofit and provide high visual comfort (a VCP of 80 or more) and high efficiency.

A

Lenses,Clear lens


228
Q

-Slats in a light fixture that create openings for emitting light. ________ provide superior glare control and high visual comfort compared with lens-diffuser systems. The most common application of ________ is to eliminate the fixture glare reflected on computer screens. ______________ (with 5 to 7 in cell apertures and depths of 2 to 4 in) provide a good balance between visual comfort and luminaire efficiency, reducing it to about 40%. A disadvantage of the deep-cell louver is that it adds 2 to 4 in to the overall depth of a luminaire.

A

Louvers, Deep-cell parabolic louvers,

229
Q

Opaque or translucent elements that shield a light source from direct view. They are typically part of the light fixture. ______prevent the light source from throwing light beyond a 30° angle from the fixture’s vertical axis, keeping the light from being broadcast into the glare zone.

A

Baffles


230
Q

The amount of light incident on (striking) a surface.

A

Illuminance


231
Q

The amount of light leaving an object, thus relating to how bright an object appears to the human eye. An object may be illuminated, but the eye cannot see it without visible light leaving (reflecting off) the object in the direction of the viewer. The ________ of a surface is equal to the reflected ___________.

A

Luminance,
luminance, illuminance

232
Q

A unit of luminance, the luminous intensity of a surface in a given direction per unit of projected area of the surface.

A

Candela per square inch (cd/in²)


233
Q

A unit of luminance, the luminance of a surface emitting one lumen per square foot.

A

Foot lambert (ft-L)


234
Q

A unit of luminance, the luminance of a surface emitting one lumen per square cm.

A

Lambert (L)


235
Q

1 cd/in² = ____ foot lamberts, 1 lambert = _____ foot lamberts = 2.054 cd/in²

A

452, 929

236
Q

A unit of illuminance, the intensity of light falling on a surface. It is equal to one lumen of light uniformly illuminating a surface over an area of one square foot.

A

Foot-candle (fc)


237
Q

The SI (metric) unit for illuminance, which is one lumen of light uniformly illuminating a one square meter surface (lm/m²).

A

Lux (lx)


238
Q

One foot-candle is roughly equal to ___ lux: 1 fc = _______lx, 1 lx = 0.0929 fc

A

10, 10.764

239
Q

Natural sunlight illuminates a surface _______ times more than light cast by a full moon on a ______.

A

100,000, clear night.

240
Q

Typical Values of Illuminance for Selected Conditions


A

Light cast by full moon on clear night (0.1 fc, 1 lx)
Street lighting (1 fc, 10 lx)
Work space lighting (10 to 100 fc, 100 to 1000 lx)
Lighting for surgery (1000 fc, 10,000 lx)
Natural sun light on clear day (10,000 fc, 60,000 lx)

241
Q

Large lighting installations that consume a lot of energy (electricity and cooling) or too much lighting that is not necessary in a building interior should be avoided as it is wasteful due to _________, maintenance, and ________.

A

higher investment, energy costs

242
Q

Measured in foot-candles or in terms of lumens per square meter or lux.

A

Light Intensity


243
Q

Measured in lumens.

A

Light Output


244
Q

The recommended lighting level will be near the ______ level of the range when the size and/or contrast of the visual task is large and will be near the upper level of the range when the size and/or contrast of the visual task is ___.

A

lower, small

245
Q

In general, recommended lighting levels ______ as the size and contrast of the visual task ________.

A

increase, decrease

246
Q

Proper design of a lighting installation requires use of ___ calculating procedures: __________ from a point source and ________ illuminance levels

A

two, computing illuminance, computing average

247
Q

The density of luminous flux, the intensity of light on a surface

A

Illuminance (E)


248
Q

The intensity of light traveling away from a source


A

Decreases as it gets farther from the source

249
Q

Spreads over a larger area as the plane (surface) being illuminated is held farther away from the light source

A

A beam of light

250
Q

The illuminance of a surface


A

Decreases as the surface gets farther from the light source

251
Q

States that the illuminance at a point on a plane perpendicular to the line joining the point and a source is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the source and the plane

A

Inverse square law


252
Q

States that illuminance (E) at a point on a plane is proportional to the cosine of the angle of light incidence, where the angle of light incidence is measured between the direction of the incident light and the normal to the plane of the surface

A

Cosine law of incidence


253
Q

Average illuminance at a reference work plane

A

Target illumination


254
Q

Usually horizontally positioned, at which work is performed and on which the illuminance is specified and measured

A

Work plane


255
Q

The ______________ is the currently accepted method for calculating average illuminance levels for indoor areas unless the light distribution is extremely __________.

A

zonal cavity method, asymmetric

256
Q

A room is made up of three spaces called_________. The space between the __________ and the work plane is referred to as the _______; the space between the work plane and
the floor is called the _________; and the space between the ceiling and the luminaires
(if they are suspended) is defined as the ____________.

A

cavities, luminairs, room
cavity, floor cavity, ceiling cavity

257
Q

Once the number of ______ (#) required for uniform illumination has been
determined, the ________ must be arranged. Incandescent and HID ________
generally cast light evenly in all directions, which permits uniform spacing in even
rows and columns, although even rows and offset columns may be used. _________ generally require spacing that is __________ to
the _____ of the lamps versus ____ with the lamps. To ensure uniform
illumination of the work plane, luminaires cannot be spaced too far apart.

A

luminaires (3). Tubular
fluorescent luminaires, greater perpendicular, axis, parallel

258
Q

An approximate maximum spacing-to-mounting
height ratio required to ensure uniform illumination on the work plane. It is used as
a conservative guide to determine maximum center-to-center luminaire spacing.

A

Spacing criterion (CS) ratio


259
Q
  • refers to a type of lighting that uses light emitting diodes LEDs, organic LEDs or polymer light emitting diodes PLEDs
A

Solid state lighting

260
Q

-semiconductor that consists of a chip of semiconducting material treated to create a structure with two electron charged electros

A

Light Emitting Diodes

261
Q

are based on aluminum gallium arsenide

A

Red LED

262
Q

are from indium gallium phosphide

A

Blue LED

263
Q

are from aluminum phosphide

A

Green LED

264
Q
  • sometimes called general lighting}
  • provides uniform illumination throughout the space.
    -Illumination for color and texture
A

Ambient Lighting

265
Q
  • sometimes called task lighting
  • Illumination provided for specific visual function
  • can influence the effectiveness of the individual performing the task
A

Local Lighting

266
Q

-Is directional lighting used to emphasize a particular object or area
- emphasizing a particular architectural feature, piece of artwork, photograph, or plant

A

Accent Lighting

267
Q
  • light source that adds a quality of interest to the space
  • combines with other types of lighting to give an overall “feel” to a room that serves little purpose other than to look attractive.
A

Decorative Lighting

268
Q

Is a secondary lighting system that provides back up illumination when the power supply to the normal lighting system is interrupted.

A

Emergency and safety lighting

269
Q
  • required in the critical care and emergency spaces found in hospitals, police, fire protections and crisis management areas.
A

Emergency Lighting

270
Q
  • enables normal activities to continue substantially unchanged
    -powered by an emergency generator or battery backup
A

Stand-by Lighting-

271
Q
  • ensures the safety of people involved in a potentially hazardous process
A

Safety lighting

272
Q
  • to ensure that an escape route can be effectively identified and used in case of failure of normal lighting system
A

Escape lighting

273
Q
  • illuminated signage used to provide clear directions for an emergency exit of building occupants.
A

Exit Lighting

274
Q

If one assumes that one-quarter of the sunlight entering a daylighting system can effectively be used for daylighting, then an aperture of sunlight of about ___ is required - roughly __ of window or skylight area for every 100 of floor area

A

4% , 4

275
Q

An area one hundred times greater than the area of captured sunlight will give an illuminance of 60 fc, an acceptable intensity for general lighting tasks

A

T

276
Q

Illuminance of outdoor sunlight is _________

A

6000 fc

277
Q

For most incandescent and HID luminaires, _ (S) is the center-to-center luminaire spacing

A

Spacing

278
Q

_______________ is the distance between the plane of the luminaires and reference work plane

A

Mounting height (MH)

279
Q

Power consumed for illumination (W) divided by the area (ft^2 or m^2) served by the lighting installation, expressed in W/ft^2 or W/m^2

A

Unit power density (UPD)

280
Q

Limit on the unit power density for lighting installations in various space and function types, adjusted for lighting controls and daylighting

A

Power allowance

281
Q

The _ standard stimulates use of more efficient lighting and reduces a building’s cooling load by reducing waste heat

A

Power allowance

282
Q

Electricity required for lighting would be cut by at least 50% with _ lighting

A

energy effecient

283
Q

Energy efficient lighting _ annual carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide emissions and other forms of pollution

A

reduces

284
Q

Both a science and an art, with no single correct lighting solution for all situations
The creative side helps make the space aesthetically interesting and psychologically comfortable

A

Architectural lighting design

285
Q

A _ is uninteresting and wasteful compared to a classroom space lit with uplights, which provides a more comfortable seeing environment with less glare

A

conventionally lit classroom space

286
Q

Main goals in designing aesthetically pleasing architectural lighting systems

A

Provide sufficient quantity of light to meet occupants’ seeing needs without being excessive
Provide the appropriate quality (color rendition) of light
Provide a balance and variety to add interest to the space being illuminated

287
Q

A non-uniform, balanced use of all types of architectural lighting, creating a composition quality that best suits good atmosphere within most spaces by blending color rendering and other properties of the different light sources

A

Layered light

288
Q

The most essential form of lighting, providing the basic background of light for almost every room, often desirable to have the major ambient light source dimmable

A

Ambient lighting

289
Q

Illuminates a specific visual function and can influence the effectiveness of the individual performing a task, focuses light in a particular direction or area without casting any glare

A

Task/local lighting

290
Q

aesthetically adds interest to the space by blending with other types of lighting

A

Decorative lighting

291
Q

The major light source in a space

A

Ambient light

292
Q

Illuminates a specific visual function and can influence the effectiveness of the individual performing task

A

Task/ local lighting

293
Q

Focuses light in a particular direction or area, without casting any glare

A

Task lighting

294
Q

_ makes work easier

A

Good task lighting

295
Q

Provided by wall-mounted fixtures
Used with permission or ABC

A

Ambient lighting

296
Q

Used as task lighting over a conference table
Used with permission of ABC

A

Halogen accent lighting

297
Q

Accent lighting used to add drama and emphasize a particular object or area

A

Accent lighting

298
Q

Low voltage halogen are excellent applications
Picture lights focus attention on wall paintings of interest, up-lights, or cans of light on the floor shining upward, illuminate plants and sculptures
Aesthetically adds interest to the space by blending with other types of lighting to give an overall “feel” to a space
Decorative lighting may provide some ambient lighting, it serves principally as an eye-catching attraction
Use decorative lighting sparingly

A

Decorative lighting

299
Q

Low voltage halogen are excellent applications
Picture lights focus attention on wall paintings of interest, up-lights, or cans of light on the floor shining upward, illuminate plants and sculptures

A

Accent Lighting

300
Q

The____________ is the transitional space from public to private and exterior to interior

A

entrance or foyer

301
Q

Lighting in _ should draw attention to the building entry

A

homes and commercial establishments

302
Q

_ illumination is also important to make guests/occupants feel welcome and comfortable

A

Ambient

303
Q

Reading and writing require quality lighting that limits eye fatigue caused from _

A

glare

304
Q

This space can take advantage of a beautiful vista out the window and good natural ambient light daylight

A

jojowain

305
Q

At night, an _________ light source should be provided to compensate for daylight

A

ambient

306
Q

_ require special attention, soft indirect lighting is enough illumination and should be properly located so as not cause patterns on the screen

A

Computers

307
Q

In restrooms and bathrooms, the best light washes the face from all directions, _ shadows

A

softening

308
Q

There should be sufficient light to see detail for _ but not so much to cause glare and discomfort

A

grooming

309
Q

Quality lighting can be accomplished within any design style because there is great _ in well engineered fixtures

A

variety

310
Q

_ should make the food, the table setting, and the people look attractive, so excellent color rendition is a must

A

Lighting

311
Q

Ambient lighting should be low to make the occupants sitting at the dining tables feel _

A

isolated

312
Q

A center-pendent luminaire works well if not too obtrusive, a _ is very appropriate in formal dining, particularly in residences

A

chandelier

313
Q

The light level from the center-pendent luminaire or _ should be indirect so it does not draw attention from other, more important views

A

chandelier

314
Q

Ambient lighting should be _ to draw attention away from the occupants sitting at dining tables

A

low

315
Q

A balance of accent lighting showing off artwork, a special sideboard, and the _ is very effective and desirable

A

table centerpiece

316
Q

In the home, _ has become very important because this space has become a central focal point

A

kitchen lighting

317
Q

As a gathering point and a place of special work, lighting must be a well-conceived part of the overall _

A

design

318
Q

Inappropriate _ can make rich materials look dark and cause glare on shiny counters

A

lighting

319
Q

_ and well-placed task lighting are the successful solution and the ability to control light levels is essential in the open-plan house

A

Ambient

320
Q

In _, adequate, diffused lighting with good color rendition is a must

A

commercial kitchens

321
Q

Building codes generally require that building exits be illuminated any time that the building is occupied, with light having an intensity of not less than _ at the floor/walking surface level

A

one foot-candle

322
Q

_____ signage should safely mark exits or direct occupants to an exit where the route is not directly apparent

A

Exit

323
Q

When two or more exits from a story are required by code (most commercial buildings), exit signs are required at stair enclosure doors, horizontal exits, and other required exits from the story

A

True

324
Q

Each exit sign must have the word “EXIT” in plainly legible letters not less than __ in high nor less than ___ in wide

A

6, 3/4

325
Q

Any door, passage, or stairway that is neither an exit nor a means of exit and that may be mistaken for an exit shall be identified by a sign reading, “NOT AN EXIT,” or a _

A

a similar phrase

326
Q

An exit sign shall be distinctive in color and decorations, interior finish, or other signs in must offer contrast with the space

A

T

327
Q

Decorations, furnishings, _, or equipment cannot impair visibility of an exit sign

A

protrusions

328
Q

_ sign guide occupants to an exit where the route is not directly apparent

A

Directional exit

329
Q

A sign reading “EXIT” or a similar phrase, with an arrow indicating the direction, must be located at locations where the route to the _ exit is not apparent

A

nearest

330
Q

A variety of switches and controls used to manage operation of lighting installations

A

Lighting system controls

331
Q

An electrical device that opens an electrical circuit, thereby shutting the lights off or closing the circuit to energize the lighting installation

A

Switch

332
Q

A simple on/off switch that controls a lighting installation from one location

A

Single-pole, single throw (SPST) switches

333
Q

Can be circuited to control a lighting installation from two or more locations

A

Three-way switches (S3) and four-way switches (S4)

334
Q

Deactivate the lighting circuit after a preset time period has lapsed

A

Automatic switches

335
Q

Can be used to vary the luminous flux (lumen output) from lamps in a lighting installation

A

Dimmer switches

336
Q

Limit access to switches for lights and equipment to authorized personnel

A

Keyed switches

337
Q

Can activate a lighting circuit when a door is open or closed (e.g., similar to a refrigerator light)

A

Door switches

338
Q

Automatically control operation of a lighting installation with electronic components wired into the circuitry

A

electronic timers

339
Q

Sense light and can be used to control night lighting in lieu of a time clock or timer

A

Photocell controls

340
Q

Control a lighting installation by sensing occupants in a space and usually mounted on the wall or ceiling

A

Occupancy sensors

341
Q

Offers building operators full control of multiple lighting installations from a single location

A

Central lighting control system

342
Q

Untitled
A central lighting control system controls the lighting installations in a building along with controlling _ equipment, fire protection and security systems, and other devices

A

HVAC

343
Q

The advantage of a central lighting control system is that light circuits can be controlled in a _ that, on some systems, can be controlled remotely

A

remote location

344
Q

Multiple switches that are connected together and controlled by a single switch

A

Ganged (multiple) key switched

345
Q

Can activate a lighting circuit when a door is open or closed (e.g., similar to a refrigerator light)

A

Door switches

346
Q

Automatically control operation of a lighting installation with electronic components wired into the circuitry. They allow great flexibility as they can easily be set for daily and weekly cycles

A

Electronic timers

347
Q

_ timers require relay switching on larger lighting loads

A

Electronic

348
Q

Common types of switches used in lighting installations

A

Photocell controls
Occupancy sensors

349
Q

Sense light and can be used to control night lighting in lieu of a time clock or timer

A

Photocell controls

350
Q

Control a lighting installation by sensing occupants in a space and usually mounted on the wall or ceiling. Works well in interior spaces such as classrooms and offices

A

Occupancy sensors

351
Q

Offers building operators full control of multiple lighting installations from a single location. It controls the lighting installations in a building along with controlling HVAC equipment, fire protection and security systems, and other devices

A

Central Lighting Control system

352
Q

Light circuits can be controlled in a remote location that, on some systems, can be controlled remotely off-site

A

Central Lighting Control System

353
Q

_ is the efficient and effective use of direct, diffuse, or reflected sunlight to provide full or supplemental illumination for building interiors during hours of sunlight

A

Daylighting

354
Q

_______ has excellent color rendition and brilliance, _ the need for artificial light in buildings and thus saves lighting costs up to 80% (in some buildings)

A

Sunlight, diminishes

355
Q

Daylighting in buildings also typically decreases _ and cooling costs

A

space heating

356
Q

Daylighting generally improves occupant comfort by providing a more pleasant, _

A

naturally lit indoor environment

357
Q

Advantages of daylighting for the human eye

A

It tends to adapt more easily to daylight
The glazed surfaces needed for daylighting give the occupants a sense of contact with the outdoors

358
Q

_ increases worker and student productivity, and reduces absenteeism

A

Daylighting

359
Q

Daylighting has also been shown to contribute to______ in retail stores

A

higher sales

360
Q

In factories, daylighting can reduce the loss of worker productivity during _

A

power failures

361
Q

Travels in a straight path from the sun - more intense than diffuse and reflected sunlight

A

Direct light

362
Q

Strikes a surface and reflects off the surface in another direction - the receiving surface absorbs some sunlight before reflecting the light

A

Reflected light

363
Q

Is light that has been reflected or refracted by clouds, glazing, or other objects - less intense than direct and reflected light and typically results in less glare

A

Diffuse light

364
Q

A measure of how easily heat travels through an assembly of materials. A higher R factor indicates better insulating performance

A

Overall Coefficient of Heat Transfer (U)

365
Q

The fraction of solar heat that is transmitted through the glazing and ultimately becomes heat. The lower the SHGC, the less solar heat is transmitted through the glazing and the greater its shading ability

A

Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC)

366
Q

The percentage of visible light (light in the 380 to 720 nm range) that is transmitted through the glazing. Low VT glazing such as bronze, gray, or reflective-film windows are more logical for office buildings or where reducing interior glare is desirable

A

Visible Transmittance (VT)

367
Q

The ratio between SHGC and VT of a single glazing. It provides a gauge of the relative efficiency of different glazing types in transmitting daylight while blocking heat gains. The higher the LSG ratio the brighter the room is without adding unnecessary amounts of solar heat

A

Light-to-Solar Gain Ratio (LSG)

368
Q

Types of glazing materials

A

Glass
Plastic
Glass and plastic combined

369
Q

Ordinary window glass strongly absorbs the _ portion of sunlight, so a plastic material will survive longer if it is installed inside glass

A

damaging UV

370
Q

Daylighting strategies
Increase the number and size of glazed areas in the walls or ceilings of a building, but simply using large glazed openings does not ensure good daylighting

A

Daylighting strategies

371
Q

The main functions are to bring in daylight and fresh air (if windows are operable) and introduce a view of the outdoors

A

Windows

372
Q

Describes window size, arrangement, and glazing type (the glass and coatings used in the window). It affects daylighting, passive solar heating, space cooling, and natural ventilation

A

Fenestration

373
Q

A fenestration arrangement in an upper story wall that extends above one roof surface; it introduces daylight into the ceiling area of the space

A

Clerestory Window System

374
Q

An interior courtyard covered with glazing. Rooms and spaces adjoining the atrium receive daylight entering through the glazed roof

A

Atrium

375
Q

Clerestories and atriums are effective _ strategies

A

daylighting

376
Q

The use of natural light to illuminate a building’s interior

A

Daylighting

377
Q

Bring in daylight and fresh air (if operable)
Introduce a view of the outdoors

A

Windows

378
Q

Design term that describes window size, arrangement, and glazing type (the glass and coatings used in the window)

A

Fenestration

379
Q

Elective daylighting strategies because they introduce daylighting deep into a structure

A

Clerestories and atriums

380
Q

Fenestration arrangement of several smaller windows

A

Can provide uniform daylight illumination if properly distributed in the space being illuminated

381
Q

Good distribution of daylight is difficult to achieve in _ rooms or in interior spaces without outside walls

A

large deep

382
Q

In cold climates in the northern hemisphere, the low position of the sun

A

Produces a shallow angle and a heat gain that contributes to space heating

383
Q

South-facing windows in the summer

A

Limit solar gains because the steep angle of the summer sun generally results in a net energy gain over the winter season in all but severe climates

384
Q

A slanted south-facing window surface should be avoided because it gains heat all year long and is particularly poor at _ in the summer

A

limiting solar heat gains

385
Q

Provide good quality daylighting, but excessive heat loss and resultant low temperature in the winter is a concern in cold climates

A

North-facing windows in the northern hemisphere

386
Q

Transparent panels located in a roof opening that allow direct and diffuse sunlight into the building

A

Skylights

387
Q

Commonly made from glass, glass composites, plastics, and plastic composites

A

Skylights

388
Q

A type of skylight system that is a raised, typically triangular shaped, extension of a roof and that has at least one glazed surface

A

Roof Monitor

389
Q

Installations with large skylights commonly suffer from excess brightness directly _ the skylight, accompanied by gloomy dark areas surrounding the skylight

A

below

390
Q

Repetitive layout of small skylights provides uniform illumination within the space and requires _ alteration of the roof structure

A

less

391
Q

_ design should include gutters to capture condensation that flows off the interior surface of the glazing

A

Skylight

392
Q

Stepped windows and light shelves throw natural light deep into the building
Side lights and a roof monitor in the center of the ceiling throw natural light evenly

A

Naturally lit high school corridor area

393
Q

Effective for many industrialized operations and warehousing applications
Can be used to provide a sense of natural ambience, which is valuable in applications such as restaurants, transportation centers, and other public areas
Can be effective for retailing because sunlight has excellent color rendition and brilliance

A

Skylights

394
Q

Passive (non-mechanical) architectural elements or mechanisms that allow sunlight to enter deep into a building, located on the interior or exterior of the building envelope

A

Reflective Light Shelves

395
Q

Properly designed light shelves allow daylight to penetrate the interior of the space up to _ times the distance between the floor and the top of the window

A

2.5

396
Q

Examples of light shelves

A

Light shelves suspended by stainless steel cables
Fabric light shelves stretched over metal tubes
Assemblies of commercially available components created by ceiling manufacturers

397
Q

Consist of an exterior, roof-mounted transparent dome, a reflecting metal pipe, and a diffuser for installation at the ceiling level of the space

A

Light Pipes

398
Q

Can pass through attic spaces more easily
Flexible pipes are easier to install but suffer more light loss from increased light absorption from reflection and scatter on the inside surface of the pipe wall

A

Light Pipes

399
Q

A type of light pipe that has a movable mirror or light-refracting system to align the incoming sunlight with the axis of the light pipe, minimizing reflection losses

A

Sun tracking light pipe

400
Q

_ light reflecting apparatus of a sun tracking light pipe gets in the way of the whole sky when the sun is obscured, and there is a need for occasional maintenance

A

THE

401
Q

Translucent fabric roof membranes that can be used to introduce daylight through the roof itself

A

Fabric Roof Membranes

402
Q

Main uses for fabric structures

A

Sports stadiums
Shopping malls
Harbors
Airports (Denver International Airport)

403
Q

May be divided into tension and air-supported membrane structures

A

Fabric structures

404
Q

Commercially available fabric roof membranes

A

Polyvinyl chloride-polyester
Teflon-coated woven fiberglass

405
Q

A second inner fabric liner is needed for _, sound control, and protection against condensation

A

insulation

406
Q

Illuminance of outdoor sunlight is _ fc

A

6000

407
Q

_ area one hundred times greater than the area of captured sunlight will give an illuminance of 60 fc, an acceptable intensity for general lighting tasks

A

:)

408
Q

If one assumes that one-quarter of the sunlight entering a daylighting system can effectively be used for daylighting, then an aperture of sunlight of about 4% is required - roughly _ of window or skylight area for every 100 of floor area

A

4

409
Q
  • can be used to control the time period that a lighting installation operates.
A

Time clocks

410
Q
  • historically, only glass was used as a glazing material
    -long life, high light transmission, hardness and stiffness.
A

Glass

411
Q
  • plastic glazings have become an alternative to glass
  • much lighter in weight and are resistant to shattering, so they pose less of a safety hazard
A

Plastic

412
Q

combined in a composite to minimize the limitations of each

A

Glass and plastic combined

Electrical Engineering Utilities (7 decks)

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