Chapter 4: Flashcards
Backbone Distribution Systems
A __________ typically provides building connections between floors in multi-story buildings.
Backbone Distribution System
A __________ is located in the (main) equipment room for cross-connection and interconnection of entrance cables, first level backbone cables, and equipment cables.
MC (CD) Main cross-connect (campus distributor)
__________ is the connection point between a backbone cable that extends from the MC (CD [first level backbone]) and the backbone cable from the HC (FD [second level backbone]).
IC (BD) Intermediate cross-connect (building distributor)
A __________ is group of connectors (e.g., patch panel, punch-down block) that allow equipment and backbone cabling to be cross-connected or interconnected with patch cords or jumpers to horizontal cabling.
HC (FD) Horizontal cross-connect (floor distributor)
As protection against network downtime, many cabling system designers consider __________.
Redundancy
Campus, wide area backbone cabling and infrastructure is also the network segment most affected by physical considerations (e.g., infrastructure availability, private easements, public R/W, physical barriers, security, and environmental restrictions). True or False?
True
__________ routing provides the most protection. A redundant cable is placed in a second route with redundant network switching equipment that will activate immediately if the cable is damaged.
Physical diverse
3 fundamental cabling topologies:
star, ring, and bus
5 Hybrid topologies:
- Hierarchical star.
- Clustered star.
- Star-wired ring.
- Tree and branch.
- Mesh.
A _____ topology generally is deployed for OSP cabling.
Star
__________ cabling is more costly than coupled active equipment devices. In many cases (e.g., data centers) both cable diverse routing and network equipment redundancy is a requirement.
Physically diverse
This topology allow all buildings to be cabled directly from the MC (CD).
Star
The direct links between the MC (CD) and IC (BD) are sometimes referred to as _______.
home runs
Advantages of using a star topology in a campus backbone cabling ( Choose 5):
a. Low cost implementation
b. Provides centralized facilities administration
c. Widely used by industries
d. Allows testing and reconfiguration of the system’s topology and applications from the main cross-connect
e. Allows easy maintenance and security against unauthorized access.
f. Can be used as back-up for redundancy
g. Increased flexibility
h. Allows the easy addition of future campus backbones
b. Provides centralized facilities administration.
d. Allows testing and reconfiguration of the system’s topology and applications from the MC (CD).
e. Allows easy maintenance and security against unauthorized access.
g. Increased flexibility.
h. Allows the easy addition of future campus backbones.
Disadvantages of using a star topology campus backbone cabling (choose 2):
a. Single points of failure.
b. Implementation and Maintenance issue.
c. Not flexible.
d. Prone to network shutdown
e. Increases cost.
a. Single points of failure.
e. Increases cost.
A __________ typically provides Campus connections in multi-building environments.
Backbone Distribution System
__________ topology refers to a tree-like structure where a trunk and branch relationship exists.
Hierarchical Star
A __________ typically provides building connections between telecommunications spaces in the same floor.
Backbone Distribution System
__________ is used in cases where minimum downtime for the infrastructure is a requirement.
Physical diversity
If the distance from the switch to the last workstation exceeds the transmission limit, the ICT designer should consider using a star configuration. In this configuration, the first-level backbone either cross-connects or interconnects to the second-level backbone via active network equipment. True or False?
False (hierarchical star)
A __________ topology design provides an interbuilding backbone that uses selected ICs (BDs) to serve a number of buildings rather than linking all the buildings directly to the MC (CD). The ICs (BDs) are then linked to the MC (CD).
two-level hierarchical star
Consider using a clustered star when available pathways do not allow for all cables to be routed to an MC (CD) or when geographical or user grouping requirements make it desirable to physically segment the network. True or False?
False
(two-level hierarchical star)
Bridged taps are not permitted as part of the building backbone cabling. True or False?
True
__________ topology is designed to provide a Separate and independent primary path and a secondary path in case there is either an electronic failure at a node site or a service interruption related to the cable.
Ring Topology
__________ topology is becoming the normal design architecture for OSP operations because they can support high-bandwidth transport applications.
Ring Topology
Ring topologies provide (Choose 3):
a. Fault-tolerant redundant routing
b. Low cost implementation
c. Greater reliability and significantly less cabling service downtime
d. Allows the easy addition of future campus backbones
e. Flexible architecture.
a. Fault-tolerant redundant routing.
c. Greater reliability and significantly less cabling service downtime.
e. Flexible architecture.
Is a topology where the OSP cable is physically constructed in a star configuration, but the signaling will be routed in a ring logically.
Physical Star/ Logical Ring Topology
___________ is a topology where the buildings are served via a physical star topology. The node sites have the ability to be either a star or ring configuration. This topology allows a designer to provide for fault-tolerant redundant routing at the node locations. At the same time, the designer can reduce the design costs for the electronics and cable from the node sites to the buildings via a ring or star network topology.
Clustered Star Topology
A __________ topology is a linear configuration of cabling that has limited application.
Bus Topology
__________ topology typically refers to the configuration of cabling multiple links between node sites.
Mesh Topology
What are the are two types of mesh topologies?
fully connected and partially connected.
In a fully connected star topology, the nodes of the network are connected to each of the other nodes. True or False?
False (mesh topology)
The type of mesh topology which is generally too costly and complex for most networks, although this topology is used when there are a limited number of nodes and redundancy is important.
fully connected mesh topology
In fully connected Mesh Topology; to calculate the number of links required, the following formula can be used:
N = (X * (X-1))/2
N = number of links
X = number of nodes
A type of mesh topology where some nodes are connected to more than one node.
partially connected mesh topology
PON means
Passive Optical Networks
How many user a point-to-multipoint, fiber to the premises network architecture, in which unpowered optical splitters are used to enable a single fiber to serve multiple premises
32-128
A __________ configuration reduces the amount of optical fiber and Central Office equipment required, compared with PTP architectures.
Passive Optical Networks (PON)
The aggregation device, called the 1. __________, supports a minimum of 2. __________ subscribers per port by means of a passive optical splitter. Thus, the EPON minimizes the number of fibers that need to be managed in the SP’s or CO, transceivers, and rack space with a PTP topology.
- Optical Line Terminal (OLT)
- 16 subscribers
OLT means
OLT - Optical Line Terminal/Termination
ONU means
ONU - Optical Network Unit
EPON means
EPON - Ethernet Passive Optical Networks
the __________ deployment on a single strand of single mode optical fiber reduces the cost of optical fiber deployment in the link between the business or house and the distribution or access switch. True or False?
1OOOBASE-X
In a 1000BASE-X point-to-point (PTP) passive optical network (PON), the _____ is responsible for media conversion from the optical fiber to the balanced twisted-pair (or other media) in the home.
a. Optical network unit
b. Optical network terminal
c. Optical line terminal
d. Optical splitter
b. Optical network terminal
p 4-18
Figure 4.13 shows the topology of a PTP network over optical fiber. Multiple devices in the home can be connected to a single Ethernet port from the home to the carrier. The ONT is responsible for media conversion from the optical fiber to the balanced twisted-pair network or other media in the home.
Note, ONU is used for PTMP
ONT operational temperature ranges from
a. - 4.4 °C to 65 °C
b. - 4.4 °C to 75 °C
c. - 4.4 °C to 85 °C
d. - 4.0 °C to 85 °C
e. - 4.0 °C to 75 °C
f. - 4.0 °C to 65 °C
c.- 4.4 °C to 85 °C
A __________ topology is adequate if the route is secure (protected from breaks), redundancy is not required, and the system traffic is not of a significantly critical nature to require alternate routing.
Bus Topology
Multiple devices in the home can be connected to a single Ethernet port from the home to the carrier. The __________ is responsible for media conversion from optical fiber to the balanced twisted-pair network or other media in the home.
Optical Network Terminal
Fiber type that has a dispersion unshifted charactristic.
G.652
What is the wavelength Range for a G.652.B fiber type?
1300 to 1324 nm
Fiber type that supports 1 Gigabit Ethernet, 10 Gigabit Ethernet and SONET. Supports some higher bit rate applications,
(e.g., STM-64, STM-256) depending on the system architecture
G.652.B
Fiber type that supports G.652.B and also allows transmissions in portions of the 1260 nm to 1625 nm wavelength range
G.652.D
Wavelength Range G.652.D
1300 to 1324 nm
Dispersion shifted fiber type
G.653
Fiber type that supports STM-64 and SDH systems with an unequal channel spacing in the 1550 nm wavelength region.
G.653.A
Wavelength Range G.653.A
1525 to 1575 nm
Fiber type that supports STM-256 applications, and allows STM-64 systems to lengths longer than 400 km.
G.653.B
Wavelength Range G.653.B
1460 nm to 1625 nm
Non-zero dispersion shifted fiber type. Primarily utilized in submarine and long-haul terrestrial applications.
G.655
Wavelength Range G.655.C
1530 to 1565nm
Wavelength Range G.655.D
1460 nm to 1625 nm
Wavelength Range G.655.E
1460 nm to 1625
Fiber type that support C and L-band compatible
G.655 .C
Fiber type that support CWDM at channels greater than 1471 nm.
G.655.D
Fiber type supports small channel spacings and G.655.C applications.
G.655.E
CWDM means
Coarse wavelength division multiplexing
DWDM means
Dense wavelength division multiplexing
SDH means
Synchronous digital hierarchy
STM means
Synchronous transport module
EFM means
Ethernet on the First Mile
MDUs means
Multi-Dwelling Units
EoDSL means
Ethernet over digital subscriber line
What is 10PASS-T description
10 Mb/s rate short reach up to 750m
2PASS-TL means
l2 Mb/s rate long reach up to 2.7km
IEEE Standard for Ethernet.
IEEE 802.3-2012
__________ are a class of buildings that include apartments, office buildings, multi-tenant units, and hotels or multiple hospitality units.
MDUs or Multi-Dwelling Units
__________are used to improve the transmission performance to reduce the insertion loss in the voice band range (approximately 300 to 3400 Hz). But it will increase the insertion loss of the transmission path outside the normal passband range.
Load coils
__________ Campus Backbone Designs has one level of connection between the MC (CD) and the IC (BD) of each building.
First Level Hierarchical Star
Advantages of using a first level hierarchical star for the campus backbone:
a. Provides a single point of control for system administration.
b. Allows testing and reconfiguration of the system’s topology and applications from the MC (CD).
c. Low cost design implementation
d. Allows easy maintenance and security against unauthorized access.
e. Provides increased flexibility.
f. Allows the easy addition of future campus backbones.
g. all of above
a. Provides a single point of control for system administration.
b. Allows testing and reconfiguration of the system’s topology and applications from the MC (CD).
d. Allows easy maintenance and security against unauthorized access.
e. Provides increased flexibility.
f. Allows the easy addition of future campus backbones.
This design provides a campus backbone use selected ICs (BDs) to serve a number of buildings rather than linking all the buildings directly to the MC (CD).
Multiple Hierarchical Level
A backbone distribution system shall have no more than three levels of cross-connections. Connections between any two HCs (FDs) shall not pass through more than two cross connections. True or False?
Flase
(A backbone distribution system shall have no more than two levels of cross-connections. Connections between any two HCs (FDs) shall not pass through more than three cross connections.)
To ensure that the backbone cabling can accommodate the voice and data transmission, the ICT distribution designer should consider the following (Choose 4):
a. Route of the backbone cabling
b. Length of the backbone segments
c. Type of media used
d. The customer’s voice, data, and video networking equipment need
e. The customer’s premises physical overall area, including building layout & construction.
f. Bandwidth requirement of the Equipment
b. Length of the backbone segments
c. Type of media used
d. The customer’s voice, data, and video networking equipment need
e. The customer’s premises physical overall area, including building layout & construction.
in multi-story buildings the TRs should be what?
(Vertically align whenever possible)
The two primary topology options to design a building backbone between the building cross-connect:
- Star
- Hierarchical star
A topology design wherein HCs (FDs) is connected directly to the MC (CD).
Star
A topology design where some or all of the HCs (FDs) are connected to an IC (BD), which in turn, is connected to the MC (CD).
Hierarchical star
The best design is the hierarchical star design between the MCs (CDs) building cross-connect and the HCs (FDs). However, in some extremely large buildings (e.g., high-rises), a star may be a consideration. True or False?
False
(The best design is the star design between the MCs (CDs) building cross-connect and the HCs (FDs). However, in some extremely large buildings (e.g., high-rises), a hierarchical star may be a consideration)
Avoid direct connections (e.g., tie cabling) between HCs (FDs). True or False?
True
In a multi-level building with different users, the design for ultimate flexibility, manageability, and versatility of the cabling system; all backbone cables and links to ERs should be terminated at the ER. Each link can then be cross-connected to its MC (CD) on an as-needed basis by installing a patch cord, whether optical fiber or balanced twisted-pair. True or False?
False.
(For ultimate flexibility, manageability, and versatility of the cabling system, all backbone cables and links to ERs should be terminated at the MC (CD). Each link can then be cross-connected to its ER on an as-needed basis by installing a patch cord, whether optical fiber or balanced twisted-pair).
The choice of transmission media may depend upon the application. The factors to be considered include the (Choose 4):
a. Defend on equipment uplink to be used.
b. Distance between building.
c. Flexibility of the medium to support the services.
d. Required useful life of backbone cabling.
e. Site size and user population.
f. Location of user and building type.
g. User needs analysis and forecast.
c. Flexibility of the medium to support the services.
d. Required useful life of backbone cabling.
e. Site size and user population.
g. User needs analysis and forecast.
Balanced twisted-pair and optical fiber backbone cabling:
a. Must always be in separate sheaths
b. May be combined under a single sheath
c. Must be in a separate pathway
b. May be combined under a single sheath
p 4-37
A building cabling system shall have only one MC (CD). Connection to the ER can then be provided by balanced twisted-pair or optical fiber, which is either in separate sheaths or combined under a single sheath (see Figure 4.25).