Chapter 4 Flashcards
Theories of Comparative Policing are?
Alertness to Crime Theory
Economic or Migration Theory
Opportunity Theory
Demographic Theory
Deprivation Theory
Modernization Theory
Anomie and Synomie Theory
suggests that progressive lifestyles and norms result in the disintegration of older norms that once held people together
_______ but in other cases, people can come together and achieve social consensus or social cohesion over values _______
Anomie and Synomie Theory
holds that progress comes along with rising expectations, and people at the bottom develop unrealistic expectations while people at the top don’t see themselves rising fast enough.
Deprivation theory
holds that (and this is an oversimplification) that the basic problem is society becoming too complex.
Modernization theory
hold that as a nation develops, people’s alertness to crime is heightened, so they report more crime to police and also demand the police become more effective at solving crime problems.
Alertness to crime theory
holds that crime everywhere is the result of unrestrained migration and over population in urban areas such as ghettos and slums.
Economic or migration theory
holds that along with higher standards of living, victims become more careless of their belonging, and opportunities for committing crime multiply.
Opportunity theory
holds that when the event occurs when a great number of children are born, as the baby boom grow up, delinquent subcultures develop out of the adolescent identity crisis.
Demographic theory
Developing a response to a crime or another problem that is designed to keep a crime from occurring is proactive
Proactive
police work emphasizes police-initiated activities of the individual officers and the department.
Proactive
Responding to specific problems based on citizen’s requests and following up on those problems are reactive responses.
Reactive
police work is more on a response to a problem by police when assistance is specifically requested by citizens.
Reactive
This approach has been rationalized in the past by the assumption that inconvenience or harassment of innocent people can be justified by the fact that police are fighting crime
Crime Control Model
is based on the presumption that the repression of criminal behavior is the most important aspect of police duty and therefore should be given priority.
Crime Control Model
When due process is the primary object of policing, police policy is that is far better than 100 guilty men escape justice rather than one innocent person be convicted.
DUE PROCESS MODEL
To compare policing agencies, one should understand on what legal basis they operate.
Legal systems
The main issue here is that law, linked to politics, will determine the police mandate.
Legal systems
Another fundamental construct influencing policing is the legal system of a country. A variety of legal systems exist in the world
Legal systems
They exist in most English-speaking countries of the world, such as the U.S., England, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, India, and former British colonies in Africa.
Common law system
Also known asAnglo-American justice.
Common law system
They rely primarily upon oral systems of evidence in which the public trial is a main focal point.
Common law system
This systems are distinctive in the significance they attach to precedent (the importance of previously decided cases).
Common law system
They are distinguished by a strongadversarial systemwhere lawyers interpret and judges are bound by precedent (orstare decisis).
Common law system
The sovereign, or leaders of a civil law system are considered above the law, as opposed to the common law notion that nobody is above the law.
Civil law system
It is distinguished by a stronginquisitorial processwhere less rights are granted to the accused, and the written law is taken as gospel and subject to little interpretation.
Civil law system
It is the largest and most prevalent system of justice in the world.
Civil law system
Also known asContinental justice, Romano-Germanic justice, or Roman law.
Civil law system
It is the ultimate expression of positive law, designed to move the state forward toward the perfectibility of state and mankind.
Socialist systems
Producers designed to forcibly rehabilitate or retrain people into fulfilling their responsibilities to the state distinguish it.
Socialist systems
It exists in many places, such as Africa and Asia, and parts of Latin America, anywhere where there has been Communist revolution or the remnants of one.
Socialist systems
Also known asMarxist–Leninist or Communist justice.
Socialist systems
It is alsoprimarily characterized by administrative law, where non-legal officials make most of the decisions.
Socialist system
It is the only legal tradition in the word which considers all law to be of divine origin.
Islamic systems
Most Islamic law is in the form of command, orders, or directives which govern the whole lifestyle of a person
Islamic systems
It derives all of its procedures and practices from interpretation of the Koran.
Islamic systems
Also known asMuslim or Arabic justice.
Islamic systems
Court Systems of the World are of Two Types:
Adversarial
Inquisitorial
Mixed system
Where the accused is guilty until proven innocent or mitigated, have more secret procedures.
Inquisitorial
It is characterized by extensive pre-trial investigation and interrogations with the objective to avoid bringing an innocent person to trial.
Inquisitorial
Assumes that the best way to get to the truth of a matter is through a competitive process to determine the facts and application of the law accurately.
Adversarial
Where the accused is innocent until proven guilty.
Adversarial
It is the delegation of authority, at all levels of management.
Decentralization
refers to the dissemination of powers by the top management to the middle or low-level management.
Decentralization
authority means the power of planning and decision-making is exclusively in the hands of top management. It alludes to the concentration of all powers to the apex level.
Centralization
Policing Models are?
Reactive (Traditional) Policing
Predictive Policing
Problem-Orientated Policing (POP)
Community-Oriented Policing
Reassurance Policing
Scanning, Analysis, Response and Assessment(SARA)
Intelligence-led Policing (ILP)
is defined as “a strategic, future-oriented, targeted approach to crime control, focusing upon the identification, analysis & management of persisting and developing problems or risks.”
Intelligence-led Policing (ILP)
refers to four key steps in the problem solving and decision-making processes.
6.Scanning, Analysis, Response and Assessment(SARA)
which includes looking for the root causes of any problems or issues identified.
Analysis
involves looking for patterns of problem activities, including victims, locations and types of crimes.
Scanning
After theRESPONSEis implemented, an ongoing
is required to evaluate the effectiveness of the solution and adjust as appropriate.
ASSESSMENT
Signal crimes are those that shape a community’s perception of risk from particular types of crime during a given period.
Reassurance Policing
aims to identify “signals”, and involve the community in solving community-related problems (similar to the community policing).
Reassurance Policing
The officers will make their presence known and also rely on community members to report any suspicious behavior or tips on criminals in the area. This method creates a relationship and engenders an element of trust.
Community-Oriented Policing
focuses on police building ties and working closely with members of the communities within their AOR.
Community-Oriented Policing
This policing model has detectives watching for patterns in crimes to help understand when and how crimes are being committed.
Problem-Orientated Policing (POP)
has an emphasis on trying and prevent crime from happening
Problem-Orientated Policing (POP)
refers to the usage of predictive and analytical techniques in law enforcement to identify potential offenders.
Predictive Policing
At this point, the patrol service officer(s) would return to their patrol vehicle or station, awaiting their next callout.
Reactive (Traditional) Policing
police respond when a call comes in stating that a crime has occurred
Reactive (Traditional) Policing
Upon arrival the patrol service takes a report then pass the investigation over to the detectives’ branch.
Reactive (Traditional) Policing
