Chapter 4 Flashcards
Attention
What is Attention?
The Process of deciding what information need to be process with the highest priority
Who Investigated Attention Scientifically?
Cherry (1953)
Dichotic Listening Paradigm
What is the Dichotic Listening Paradigm?
- A different message was played in each ear
- Participants were asked to concentrate on one ear
and vocally repeat the message
Ex:
Left Ear - Horse Galloping
Right Ear - Sentence
What does the Broadbent Filter model of Attention propose?
proposes that humans can only process a limited amount of sensory information at any given time due to an attentional “bottleneck.”
What is endogenous attention?
Attention we are voluntarily choosing to have
Ex: reading
What is Exogenus Attention
Involuntarily attention
Ex: loud Noise or stimulus
What does “Filter” mean in Broadbent’s filter model?
Stimuli must pass a filter to become the focus of attention
Ex:
Background noises are completly ignored
What are the filters in Broadbents Model?
Sensory Store
Selective Filter
Higher Level Processing
Working Memory
Why is Broadbents Model considered a All or Nothing Filter?
Unattened stimulus is ignored always
Disproven by someone yelling your name getting your attention
Whats is Treismans Attenutator Model?
the selective filter distinguishes between two messages on the basis of their physical characteristics, such as location, intensity and pitch
How is the Attentuaor Model related to the Broadment Model?
- Based on Broadbent’s filter model
- Different mechanism for filtering
▪ Not an all-or-nothing filter, but a gradual attenuator
What does it mean for the attenuator model to be a early selection filter model?
Decides early whether or not to accept or ignore stimulus
What does it mean the for attenuator filter to be a gradual attenuator?
Messages have to exceed a certain threshold to get attention
When is the Attenuated message analyzed?
*When activation exceeds certain threshold
* Threshold depends on the context, priming,
subjective importance, degree of attentuation etc.
In the Attenuator Model does unattended information effect behavior?
No
Does the Attenuator model allow for intitally unattended information to become attended?
No it has no effect on behavior and it fades away
What two models are both early selection filter models?
Brodbents filter
Attenuator Model?
What are the four attention models?
Early Selection Model (Broadbent’s)
Attenuator Model AKA: Intermediate Selection
(Treisman’s)
Late Selection Filter Model
(Deustch) (Norman)
Model of Perceptual Load
(Lavie)
What is the Late Selection Filter Model?
- All information is fully analyzed for meaning
- Then, the selection by a filter takes place depending on the physical
properties and meaning
What is the model of perceptual load?
- Combination of all models
- We use early selection and Late Selection
- Attention is not a filter but a resource we can attribute to different jobs
In the Model of Perceptual Load when do we use early selection?
Difficult Tasks
- Requires a lot of attention
- Selection is then early to make resources available
In the Model of Perceptual Load when do we use late selection?
Easy Tasks
- Require little attention
- Selection is late since resource is available
What is the Dual Task Paradigm of Multitasking?
- Requiring participants to do two tasks simul taneously
- hard to prove the two tasks are truly parallel rather than just swithcing quickly
What is the difference between a serial and parallel view of multitasking?
Serial multitasking is just very fast switching of attention on activities
Parallel multitasking is true multitasking and doing everything at the same time
What is the Psychological Refractory Period (PRP)?
- A Delay in responding to a second stimulus due to the limitation in response selection
AKA we can not prepare actions for two tasks simultaneously?
What is a Example of Psychological refractory period (PRP) effect?
There is a delay after you start the perceptual analysis of the second tasks causing the First task to be executed before the second task and not at the same time
What is Stimulus Onset Asynchrony (SOA)
The Period of time between the onsets of two stimuli
What is a example of Stimulus Onset Asynchrony (SOA)?
You can not start doing two tasks at the same time
