Chapter 4

Question 1

Associated with a racial or ethnic group as well as with gender, age, religion or spirituality, economic status, nationality, physical capacity or disability, and affectionate or sexual orientation. (A lens through which life is perceived)

Answer 1

Culture

Question 2

A sense of identity that stems from common ancestry, history, nationality, religion, and race

Answer 2

Ethnicity

Question 3

Refers to a group of people who have been singled out for differential and unequal treatment and who regard themselves as objects of collective discrimination

Answer 3

Oppressed group

Question 4

A generic term that indicates any relationship between and within two or more diverse groups

Answer 4

Multiculturalism

Question 5

Operationally defined as the working alliance between counselor and client that takes the personal dynamics of the counselor and client into consideration alongside the dynamics found in the cultures of both of these individuals

Answer 5

Multicultural counseling

Question 6

Refers to the spectrum of differences that exists among groups of people with unique cultural backgrounds

Answer 6

Cultural diversity

Question 7

Refers to individual differences on a number of variables that can potentially put clients at risk for discrimination based on age, gender, gender identity, race, ethnicity, culture, national origin, religion, sexual orientation, disability, language, or socioeconomic status

Answer 7

Diversity

Question 8

A perspective that recognizes the complexity of cultures and emphasizes the benefits of diverse beliefs and values

Answer 8

Cultural pluralism

Question 9

Refers to a practitioner’s level of awareness, knowledge, and interpersonal skills needed to function effectively in a pluralistic society and to intervene on behalf of clients from diverse backgrounds

Answer 9

Cultural diversity competence

Question 10

Pertains to therapists’ awareness of clients’ worldviews, which are acknowledged in relation to therapists’ awareness of their own personal biases

Answer 10

Cultural empathy

Question 11

An orientation or disposition believed to be necessary to facilitate cultural awareness, knowledge, and skills

Answer 11

Cultural humility

Question 12

A three-stage developmental sequence, from multicultural awareness to knowledge and comprehension to skills and applications

Answer 12

Culture-centered counseling

Question 13

Includes a compassionate and accepting orientation that is based on an understanding of oneself and others within one’s culture and context

Answer 13

Cultural awareness

Question 14

Involves the empowerment of individuals and family systems to better express their needs as well as to advocate on their behalf to address inequities and injustices they encounter in their community and in society at large

Answer 14

Social justice work in counseling

Question 15

A perception of reality based on a very limited set of cultural experiences

Answer 15

Cultural tunnel vision

Question 16

Displays curiosity that is characterized by an openness to engaging in new cultural experiences

Answer 16

Globally literate counselors

Question 17

Oversimplified and uncritical generalizations about individuals who are identified as belonging to a specific group

Answer 17

Stereotypes

Question 18

Any pattern of behavior that, solely because of race or culture, denies access to opportunities or privileges to members of one racial or cultural group while perpetuating access to opportunities and privileges to members of another racial or cultural group

Answer 18

Racism

Question 19

The belief that one group’s history, way of life, religion, values, and traditions are superior to others

Answer 19

Cultural racism

Question 20

Persistent verbal, behavioral, and environmental assaults, insults, and invalidations that often occur subtly and are difficult to identify

Answer 20

Microaggressions

Question 21

Described patterns of sexual, romantic, and emotional attraction- and one’s sense of identity based on those attractions

Answer 21

Sexual orientation

Question 22

An individual’s internal sense of being male, female, or nonbinary

Answer 22

Gender identity

Question 23

How individual’s externally or publicly present their gender, often expressed through behavior, clothing, haircut, or voice

Answer 23

Gender expression

Question 24

An umbrella term for persons who believe that their gender identity, gender expression, or behavior does not conform to that typically associated with sex assigned at birth

Answer 24

Transgender

Question 25

Refers to people who do not identify with the man-woman gender binary

Answer 25

Nonbinary

Question 26

Refers to individuals whose gender identity aligns with the sex assigned to them at birth

Answer 26

Cisgender

Question 27

Refers to the marginalization or oppression of people who are lesbian, gay, bisexual, or other based on the belief that heterosexuality is the norm (it is)

Answer 27

Heterosexism/ Cissexism

Question 28

Moves beyond cultural awareness and focuses on active support and advocacy, including promoting equality and justice for underserved and oppressed groups of people

Answer 28

Social justice

Question 29

Behaving differently and usually unfairly toward a specific group of people is unethical and unacceptable

Answer 29

Discrimination

Question 30

Brief and commonplace daily verbal, behavioral, or environmental indignities, whether intentional or unintentional, that communicate hostile, derogatory, or negative racial slights and insults toward people of other races

Answer 30

Racial microaggressions

Question 31

Rude and insensitive comments that demean a person’s heritage and identity

Answer 31

Microinsults

Question 32

Characterized by communications that negate, exclude, or nullify the thoughts, feelings, or realities of a person

Answer 32

Microinvalidations

Question 33

A racial microaggression that insinuates that race is not a critical variable that affects people’s lives and that it has no sociopolitical relevance

Answer 33

Color blindness