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PSYC 236 Midterm 1 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Reliability

A

How consistant the test is

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2
Q

Validity

A

Is the test measuring what it is supposed to measure

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3
Q

Test retest reliability

A

refers to the degree to which a test yields the same results when it is given more than once to the same person

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4
Q

Alternate form reliability

A

The preparation of two forms of the same test

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5
Q

Internal Consistency

A

Do different parts of the same tests yield the same results

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6
Q

Spit Half reliability

A

A measure of internal consistency, often ascertained by comparing responses on odd-numbered test items with responses on even-numbered test items and seeing if the scores for these responses are correlated.

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7
Q

Face validity

A

means that the user of a test believes that the items on that test resemble the characteristics associated with the concept being tested.

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8
Q

Content validity

A

goes one step further and requires that a test’s content include a representative sample of all behaviours thought to be related to the construct (i.e., the concept or entity) that the test is designed to measure

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9
Q

Criterion validity

A

An attribute of a test that gives higher scores to people already known to have greater ability in the area it tests. The concept arises because some qualities are easier to recognize than to define completely, such as artistic ability.

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10
Q

Construct Validity

A

The validity of a test assuming a specific theoretical framework that relates the item the test measures, often rather abstract, to some other item that is more easily assessed. If the two sets of measurements correlate, the test is said to have construct validity.

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11
Q

Clinical Approach

A

An approach to evaluating and interpreting the data on patients, making predictions, and coming to decisions that relies on the clinician’s experience and personal judgment, guided by intuition honed with professional experience rather than by formal rules

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12
Q

Actuarial approach

A

An approach to evaluating and interpreting the data on patients, making predictions, and coming to decisions that relies exclusively on statistical procedures, empirical methods, and formal rules.

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13
Q

EEG

A

Uses electrodes places in various parts of the scalp to measure the brain’s electrical activity

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14
Q

Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT)

A

A brain imaging technique in which a narrow band of X-rays is projected through the head. The X-ray source and detector rotate very slightly and project successive images. The exposures are combined by a computer to produce a highly detailed cross-section of the brain

-Can look at changes in structural abnormalities before and after the treatment of a disorder

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15
Q

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

A

. A noninvasive technique for examining the structure and the functioning of the brain. A strong homogeneous magnetic field is produced around the head and brief pulses of radio waves are introduced. When the radio waves are turned off, radio waves of a characteristic frequency are emitted from the brain itself, which can be detected. The information gathered is integrated into a computer-generated image of the brain.

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16
Q

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

A

Neuorimaging technique that measures and maps brian activity by detecting changes in blood flow

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17
Q

Event related potentials (ERPs)

A

Uses EEG that measures electrical activity generated by the brain through electrodes placed on the scalp

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18
Q

MEG

A

Measures magnetic fields produced by neuronal activity using highly sensitive magnetometers

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19
Q

Positron emission tomography (PET)

A

A combination of computerized axial tomography and radioisotope imaging. Radiation is generated by injected or inhaled radioisotopes—that is, common elements or substances with the atom altered to be radioactive. As the substance is used in brain activity, radiation is given off and detected, allowing measurement of a variety of biological activities as the processes occur in the living brain.

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20
Q

The Bender Visual Motor Gestalt Test

A

Respondents are asked first to copy the designs onto another card and then draw it from memory

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21
Q

RBANS

A

-Modified version of the Gestalt test
-can be used as a brief screening tool of 12 subtests that covers a wide range of domains relevant to neurological impairment.

-The subtests cover five major domains of functioning: immediate memory, visuo-spatial/constructional ability, language, attention, and delayed memory

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22
Q

MoCA test

A

this test assesses a broad range of domains, including attention and concentration, memory, executive functioning, visuo-constructional skills, and orientation in approximately 10 minutes, thus making it a more practical tool than the RBANS in busy hospital settings.

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23
Q

Unstructured Interviews

A

tend to be open-ended, allowing the interviewer to pursue a specific line of questioning or to follow the patient’s lead. Patients are often under considerable stress, and are being asked to reveal very personal and sometimes embarrassing information to a stranger.

-They produce rapport= mutual trust and respect between clinician and patient

-Flaw: Poor relibaility and validity= the clinician’s own theoretical orientation and personality greatly influence

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24
Q

Structural Interviewed

A

-The Diagnostic Interview Schedule, Version IV
-Increase reliability, they tend to lack rapport, which is the trust and faith they have in each other

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25
Q

Semi-Structured

A

-Have some leeway about questions
-Questions are guided by an outline that lists certain dimensions of the patient’s functioning that need to be covered
-They use a mental status examination= appearance, behaviour of person, which is making a physical examination of a person

26
Q

Intellegence quotient (IQ)

A

Person’s mental age (by tests)/chronological age and then times it by 100

27
Q

Standard Binet Intelligence Scales

A

Assesses five kinds of ability: fluid reasoning, knowledge, visual-spatial processing, quantitative reasoning, and working memory

28
Q

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-IV)

A

This test was designed to measure diverse aspects of intelligence and consists of 10 core subtests and five supplementary subtests: four verbal comprehension tests, three working memory tests, five perceptual reasoning tests, and three processing speed tests

29
Q

Projective test

A

is that a person presented with an ambiguous stimulus will project onto that stimulus their unconscious motives, needs, drives, feelings, defences, and personality characteristics. Thus, the test reveals information that the person cannot or will not report directly. Projective tests are used to help clinicians form hypotheses about an individual’s personality.

30
Q

Rorschach Inkblot Test

A

The oldest and probably the best known projective test. Based on the idea that people see different things in the same inkblot and that what they see reflects their personality. The blots are presented on separate cards and handed to the subject in a particular sequence.

31
Q

Exner System

A

A way of standardizing the scoring of responses in a Rorschach examination in order to increase its reliability and validity. The Exner system may have greater clinical validity for testing schizophrenia than depression or personality disorders.

32
Q

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

A

A psychological test using drawings on cards depicting ambiguous social interactions. Those being tested are asked to construct stories about the cards. It is assumed their tales reflect their experiences, outlook on life, and deep-seated needs and conflicts. Validity and reliability of scoring techniques are open to the same criticisms as those of the Rorschach inkblot test.

33
Q

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

A

The most widely used objective test of personality. The adjective “multiphasic” means that it assesses many aspects of personality. The test contains 567 questions grouped to form 10 content scales plus additional scales to detect sources of invalidity such as carelessness, defensiveness, or evasiveness. The revised and updated version, called the MMPI-2, focuses primarily on the main clinical disorders.

34
Q

Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI)

A

An objective test of personality developed to help clinicians make diagnostic judgments within the multiaxial DSM system, especially in the personality disorders found on Axis II.

35
Q

Experiment

A

A scientific procedure in which variables are manipulated and the effects on other variables are gauged. Large groups of subjects are generally used, and the results are analyzed statistically. In a true experiment, subjects are randomly assigned to experimental and control groups.

36
Q

Experimental group

A

The one exposed to a variable that is manipulated- the independent variable

37
Q

Random Assignment

A

A procedure that ensures each subject in an experiment has an equal probability of being in either the experimental or the control group, guaranteeing the equivalence of these groups.

38
Q

Dependent variables

A

The behavioural response on measures the researchers hypothesize would be affected by the manipulation of the independent variable

39
Q

Control group

A

In an experiment, the group that experiences all aspects of the experiment, including assessments, in a manner identical to the experimental group, except for the manipulation of the independent variable.

40
Q

Experimental effect

A

The difference obtained in the dependent variable that occurs as a function of the manipulation of the independent variable.

41
Q

Pretest

A

In an experiment, an assessment of subjects on many measures prior to manipulation of the independent variable. Done for descriptive purposes.

42
Q

Post test

A

In an experiment, assessment of the subjects on several dependent variables judged to be important, in order to get a comprehensive picture of the effects of manipulating the independent variable

43
Q

Placebo effect

A

The phenomenon that individuals in treatment programs expect to get better, and as a result may feel an improvement, or that they report improvement to please the experimenter. From the Latin word meaning “I shall please.”

44
Q

Placebo

A

is a substance that looks and feels like the substance being tested but does not contain the active ingredient.

45
Q

Internal validity

A

The degree to which the changes in the dependent variable of an experiment are a result of the manipulation of the independent variable. If no alternative explanations are possible, the experiment has strong internal validity.

46
Q

External Validity

A

The generalizability of the findings in an investigation, or the degree to which the findings apply to other individuals in other settings.

47
Q

Quasi Experimental study

A

one in which the participants in the experimental group are not randomly assigned but selected on the basis of certain characteristics and in which there is no manipulation of independent variables.

48
Q

Confound

A

In an experiment, what occurs when two or more variables exert their influence at the same time, making it impossible to accurately establish the causal role of either variable.

49
Q

Correlational Method

A

A nonexperimental investigative method that measures the degree of relationship between two variables; behaviour is not manipulated but quantitatively measured and then analyzed statistically. Following the measurement of the variables, a statistical quantity called a correlation coefficient is computed. Generally requires a large number of participants.

50
Q

Longitudinal Studies

A

A scientific study in which a large number of people are evaluated with respect to the existence of psychological or behavioural features and are then followed up, often years or decades later, to determine whether they have developed a disease.

51
Q

Case study

A

A non-experimental investigative method resulting in a description of the past and current functioning of a single individual, generally the result of information gathered through intense interactions over long periods. Variables such as family history, education, employment history, medical history, social relationships, and the patient’s level of psychological adjustment are described. The goal is a description of an individual’s current problem, and its relation to that individual’s past. A case study seeks to provide a theory concerning the etiology of a patient’s problem or psychological makeup, and/or a course of treatment and outcome. The oldest approach to the study of abnormal behaviour.

52
Q

Single subject designs

A

A nonexperimental investigative method that, like the case study, is based on the intense investigation of an individual subject, but avoids many criticisms of the case study by using experimentally accepted procedures. It uses observable behaviours that are quantifiable, quantifies the presence of the behaviour prior to any intervention, systematically applies readily observable and quantifiable interventions, and measures the effects of the intervention on the behaviours of the subject.

53
Q

ABAB design

A

Also called reversal design; a non-experimental investigative method, a variety of single-subject design, that requires the quantification of behaviour in its naturally occurring environment prior to any intervention. This constitutes the A phase or the baseline of the procedure. Next, in the B phase, the treatment is introduced in a controlled manner for a period of time. The next A phase constitutes the reversal, during which time the treatment is not provided, and the subject is exposed to the original baseline conditions. Finally, in the final B phase, the treatment is provided once again.

54
Q

Epidemiology

A

Is the study of the indidence and prevalence of disorders in a population

55
Q

Incidence

A

refers to the number of new cases of a disorder in a particular population over a specified time period, usually a year.

56
Q

Prevalence

A

is the frequency of a disorder in a population at a given point or period of time.

57
Q

Gene Environment Interactions

A

A term used to describe the phenotypic effects (i.e., observable characteristics) that are due to interactions between the environment and genes.

58
Q

Passive gene environment correlation

A

In this situation, one’s biological parents determine not only one’s genotype, but also the quality of one’s early experiences created by those biological parents (assuming that one is raised by one’s biological parents). As well, because of their higher intelligence and potentially higher-than-average salaries, these parents may have better access to more nutritious meals, have access to better childcare and schools, and provide a more stimulating environment for their children. Children in these situations passively receive genotypes and early environmental experiences contributing to high intelligence.

59
Q

Evocative (reactive) gene-environment correlation

A

In this situation, individuals’ heritable behaviours evoke an environmental response. Continuing with the example used above, children who, like their parents, begin to show signs of above-average intelligence may behave in particular ways. They may show better verbal skills, learn more quickly, or work more independently in class. All of these behaviours will elicit certain responses from others, such as school personnel labelling them as “gifted,” schools providing them with a more enriched educational experience, and prestigious universities offering them academic scholarships.

60
Q

Active Gene Environment Correlation

A

In this situation, individuals possessing particular heritable propensities by virtue of their genotype will be more likely to actively select certain environments. For example, highly intelligent children may be more likely to develop friendships with other bright children with similar interests, join clubs or associations that satisfy their curiosity in a particular subject field, or choose demanding majors in university. This tendency to select environmental experiences based on genotype is sometimes referred to as “niche-picking.

61
Q

Statistical Significance

A

An attribute of research results when it is extremely unlikely that they could have occurred purely by chance. The standard by which most research is judged as valuable or worthy of being published.

62
Q

Clinical Significance

A

An attribute of research results, referring to the practical utility of the treatment studied, that does not follow automatically from the results’ statistical significance.

PSYC 236 Midterm 1 (8 decks)

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