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Cell and Molecular Biology > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

It’s the formation of two daughter cells from a single parent cell.

A

Cell Division

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2
Q

A new cells necessary for growth and tissue repair

A

Mitosis

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2
Q

A sex cells for reproduction

A

Meiosis

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2
Q

General steps of mitosis involves:

A
  1. The genetic material within the cell is replicated.
  2. The cell divides to form two
    daughter cells with the same amount
    and type of DNA as the parent cell.
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2
Q

All body cells, except those that give rise to sex cells, divide by_____.

A

mitosis

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2
Q

The genetic material within the cell is _____.

A

replicated

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2
Q

Stages of Mitosis and Cell Division

A

Interphase
Prophase
Prometaphase (Late prophase)
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis

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2
Q

It is the time between cell divisions.

A

Interphase

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3
Q

_____ is found as thin threads of
chromatin in the nucleus.

A

DNA

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3
Q

DNA Replication occurs during
______.

A

interphase

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4
Q

Each chromosome consists of two
chromatids joined at the
_______.

A

centromere.

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4
Q

In ______, the chromatin
condenses into chromosomes.

A

Prophase

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4
Q

The centrioles move to the
opposite ends of the cell, and the
nucleolus and the nuclear
envelope disappear.

A

Prophase

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5
Q

Nuclear membrane breaks down
Kinetochore microtubule invade
nuclear space, and attached to
kinetochore.
Polar microtubules push against
each other, moving centrosomes
apart.

A

Prometaphase

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5
Q

In________, the chromatids separate to form two sets of identical chromosomes.

A

anaphase

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5
Q

______ invade nuclear space, and attached to kinetochore.

A

Kinetochore microtubule

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5
Q

__________push against each other, moving centrosomes apart.

A

Polar microtubules

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5
Q

In _______, the chromosomes
align in the center of the cell in
association with the spindle fiber.

A

metaphase

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6
Q

The chromosomes, assisted by the
_______, move toward the
centrioles at each end of the cell.

A

spindle fibers

7
Q

The nuclear envelopes and the
nucleoli form.

A

telophase

7
Q

In _______, the chromosomes
disperse.

A

telophase

7
Q

______is the physical process of cell division, which divides the cytoplasm of a parental cell into two daughter cells.

A

Cytokinesis

8
Q

The cytoplasm begins to divide to
form two cells.

A

telophase

9
Q

In _______, Homologous chromosomes
segregate.

A

Meiosis I

9
Q

In _______, sister chromatids segregate.

A

Meiosis II

10
Q

Cells that will undergo meiosis are called
________and are diploid (2N).

A

meiocytes

11
Q

It is called reductional division because it
reduces the number of chromosomes inherited in each of the daughter cells.

It is further divided into Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, and Telophase I.
In Prophase I and Metaphase I, homologous chromosomes pair up with each other , or synapse, and are called bivalents.

A

MEIOSIS I – REDUCTIONAL DIVISION

12
Q

During Prophase I, the homologous
chromosomes pair together and form a
___________.

A

synaptonemal complex

13
Q

A____ is a place where DNA repair
enzymes break the DNA of two non-sister
chromatids in similar locations and then
covalently reattach non-sister chromatids
together to create a crossover between non-sister chromatids.

A

crossover

14
Q

________ occurs within the synaptonemal
complex.

A

Crossing over

15
Q

______resembles mitosis, with one sister chromatid from each
chromosome separating to produce two daughter cells

A

Meiosis II

15
Q

There are two types of Nucleic Acids

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

16
Q

These are polymers of nucleotides.

A

NUCLEIC ACIDS

16
Q

The nitrogen bases in nucleotides consist
of two general types:

A

Purines: adenine (A) and guanine (G)

Pyrimidines: cytosine (C), thymine (T) and
Uracil (U)

17
Q

_________is capable of storing, copying, and
transmitting the genetic information in a
cell.

A

DNA

18
Q

_____functions for protein synthesis.

A

RNA

19
Q

X-ray crystallography

A

Wilkins & Franklin (1952)

20
Q

James Watson and Francis Crick

A

Double Helix Model

21
Q

PROPERTIES OF A DNA DOUBLE HELIX

A

The strands of DNA are antiparallel
The strands are complimentary
There are Hydrogen bond forces

21
Q

Process of making copies of DNA.
A Semiconservative process.

A

Replication

22
Q

Refers to the process by which genetic information in DNA is
transferred to an RNA molecule.

This genetic information has to be copied from DNA since it cannot
leave the nucleus due to its size.

A

Transcription

23
Q

It is the process of converting the information in messenger RNA into
a sequence of amino acids that make a protein.

A

TRANSLATION: RNA to PROTEIN

24
Q

A small ribosomal unit of rRNA is attached to mRNA carrying the
________ that is being capsulated in large ribosomal unit.

A

codon

25
Q

_____is composed of a sequence of three nucleotide (triplet) in mRNA

A

Codon

25
Q

Each tRNA has anticodon.

A

Anticodon

25
Q

is a sequence of three nucleotide bases that can base-pair or compliment with a specific mRNA codon

A

Anticodon

Cell and Molecular Biology (2 decks)

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