Chapter 4 Flashcards
It’s the formation of two daughter cells from a single parent cell.
Cell Division
A new cells necessary for growth and tissue repair
Mitosis
A sex cells for reproduction
Meiosis
General steps of mitosis involves:
- The genetic material within the cell is replicated.
- The cell divides to form two
daughter cells with the same amount
and type of DNA as the parent cell.
All body cells, except those that give rise to sex cells, divide by_____.
mitosis
The genetic material within the cell is _____.
replicated
Stages of Mitosis and Cell Division
Interphase
Prophase
Prometaphase (Late prophase)
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis
It is the time between cell divisions.
Interphase
_____ is found as thin threads of
chromatin in the nucleus.
DNA
DNA Replication occurs during
______.
interphase
Each chromosome consists of two
chromatids joined at the
_______.
centromere.
In ______, the chromatin
condenses into chromosomes.
Prophase
The centrioles move to the
opposite ends of the cell, and the
nucleolus and the nuclear
envelope disappear.
Prophase
Nuclear membrane breaks down
Kinetochore microtubule invade
nuclear space, and attached to
kinetochore.
Polar microtubules push against
each other, moving centrosomes
apart.
Prometaphase
In________, the chromatids separate to form two sets of identical chromosomes.
anaphase
______ invade nuclear space, and attached to kinetochore.
Kinetochore microtubule
__________push against each other, moving centrosomes apart.
Polar microtubules
In _______, the chromosomes
align in the center of the cell in
association with the spindle fiber.
metaphase
The chromosomes, assisted by the
_______, move toward the
centrioles at each end of the cell.
spindle fibers
The nuclear envelopes and the
nucleoli form.
telophase
In _______, the chromosomes
disperse.
telophase
______is the physical process of cell division, which divides the cytoplasm of a parental cell into two daughter cells.
Cytokinesis
The cytoplasm begins to divide to
form two cells.
telophase
In _______, Homologous chromosomes
segregate.
Meiosis I
In _______, sister chromatids segregate.
Meiosis II
Cells that will undergo meiosis are called
________and are diploid (2N).
meiocytes
It is called reductional division because it
reduces the number of chromosomes inherited in each of the daughter cells.
It is further divided into Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, and Telophase I.
In Prophase I and Metaphase I, homologous chromosomes pair up with each other , or synapse, and are called bivalents.
MEIOSIS I – REDUCTIONAL DIVISION
During Prophase I, the homologous
chromosomes pair together and form a
___________.
synaptonemal complex
A____ is a place where DNA repair
enzymes break the DNA of two non-sister
chromatids in similar locations and then
covalently reattach non-sister chromatids
together to create a crossover between non-sister chromatids.
crossover
________ occurs within the synaptonemal
complex.
Crossing over
______resembles mitosis, with one sister chromatid from each
chromosome separating to produce two daughter cells
Meiosis II
There are two types of Nucleic Acids
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
These are polymers of nucleotides.
NUCLEIC ACIDS
The nitrogen bases in nucleotides consist
of two general types:
Purines: adenine (A) and guanine (G)
Pyrimidines: cytosine (C), thymine (T) and
Uracil (U)
_________is capable of storing, copying, and
transmitting the genetic information in a
cell.
DNA
_____functions for protein synthesis.
RNA
X-ray crystallography
Wilkins & Franklin (1952)
James Watson and Francis Crick
Double Helix Model
PROPERTIES OF A DNA DOUBLE HELIX
The strands of DNA are antiparallel
The strands are complimentary
There are Hydrogen bond forces
Process of making copies of DNA.
A Semiconservative process.
Replication
Refers to the process by which genetic information in DNA is
transferred to an RNA molecule.
This genetic information has to be copied from DNA since it cannot
leave the nucleus due to its size.
Transcription
It is the process of converting the information in messenger RNA into
a sequence of amino acids that make a protein.
TRANSLATION: RNA to PROTEIN
A small ribosomal unit of rRNA is attached to mRNA carrying the
________ that is being capsulated in large ribosomal unit.
codon
_____is composed of a sequence of three nucleotide (triplet) in mRNA
Codon
Each tRNA has anticodon.
Anticodon
is a sequence of three nucleotide bases that can base-pair or compliment with a specific mRNA codon
Anticodon
