Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Cell and Molecular Biology > Chapter 1-3 > Flashcards

Chapter 1-3 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

He looked at thin pieces of cork under his microscope and saw tiny structures that looked like small rooms. He called these structures “cells.”

A

Robert Hooke (1665)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

He used his microscope to find even smaller things, which he called “animalcules.” These were the first observations of very tiny, single-celled organisms, like bacteria.

A

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

They came up with two important ideas about cells:
A. “All living things are made of one or more cells.” This means that every plant, animal, and other living things are composed of cells.

B. “The cell is the basic building block of life.” This means that cells are like the smallest bricks that make up all living things.

A

Matthias Schleiden and Theodore Schwann

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

He added another idea to the cell theory:

A. “Cells can only come from other existing cells.” This means that new cells are created through a process of division from already existing cells, like a parent cell dividing to make new cells, just as a plant can grow from a seed.

A

Rudolf Virchow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q
  1. Energy flow occurs within cells
  2. Hereditary Information (DNA) is passed on from one cell to another cell
  3. All cells have the same basic chemical composition.
A

Modern Cell Theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

All____have the same basic chemical composition.

A

cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Energy flow occurs _______ cells

A

within

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

It is passed on from one cell to another cell

A

Hereditary information (DNA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What did Anton van Leeuwenhoek observe using his microscope, making the first observations of very tiny, single-celled organisms?

A

Bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Who was Henrietta Lacks, and why is she significant in the history of cell theory?

A

A patient whose cancer cells were used for the first human cell culture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does LUCA stands for?

A

Last Universal Common Ancestor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is DNA’s role in cell theory, according to the principles of modern cell theory?

A

DNA provides instructions for building and running living things

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Cells possess a genetic program that is encoded in a collection of genes. What is the material that genes are constructed of?

A

DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How do cells reproduce?

A

Binary fission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the primary energy storage molecule in cells?

A

ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Which process converts light energy into chemical energy in plants?

A

Photosynthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the role of enzymes in cellular chemical reactions?

A

Enzymes increase the rate at which chemical reactions occur.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What term represents the sum total of the chemical reactions that occur in a cell?

A

Metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Complex cell structures have a ______ number of parts that must be in their ________.

A

greater, proper place

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

It can be isolated from an organism and cultured in the laboratory where they will grow and reproduce for extended periods of time.

A

Whole cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Considered as basic properties of life, only living entity faces this aspect

A

Death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

reproduce by division,a process in which the contents of a_________ cell are distributed into two “_______“cells

A

mother, daugther

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

The genetic material is faithfully duplicated, and each daughter cell receives a complete and equal share of __________

A

genetic information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Light energy is converted by photosynthesis into chemical energy that is stored in energy- rich carbohydrates, such as _________

A

sucrose or starch.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

It function like miniaturized chemical power plants.

A

Cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

All chemical changes that take place in cells require_____

A

enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

According to modern biology, all living organisms have evolved from a common ancestral cell. What is this common ancestral cell referred to as?

A

Last universal common ancestor (LUCA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the presumed origin of cells?

A

Cells evolved from precellular life forms from non-living organic materials in the primordial seas.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

A______moves away from an object in its path or moves toward a source of nutrients.

A

single-celled protist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Most cells are covered with _______that interact with substances in the environment in highly specific ways.

A

receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

TRUE OR FLASE: Each type of cellular activity requires a unique set of highly complex molecular tools and machines-the products of eons of natural selection and biological evolution.

A

TRUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Two kinds of cell

A

Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Type of prokaryotic cell

A

Domain Archaea & Domain Bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

It is the species that live in extremely inhospitable environment

A

Domain Archaea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

All living organisms have evolved from a single, common ancestral cell that lived more than three billion years ago.

A

LUCA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Often referred to as “extremophiles”

A

Domain Archaea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

This type of cell includes the smallest known cells, the mycoplasma.

A

Domain Bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

It is present in every conceivable habitat on earth.

A

Domain Bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

It is antibiotic resistant, lacks cell wall and has a genome with fewer than 500 genes.

A

Domain bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

In many regards, the most complex
eukaryotic cells are not found inside of
plants or animals, but rather among the
__________

A

unicellular protists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Types of Eukaryotic Cell

A

Plant cell and animal cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Cell and molecular biologists have focused considerable research activities on a small number of___________ models.

A

“representative” models.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Most commonly used to measure and describe structures within a cell:

A

micrometer (um) and nanometer (nm)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

It is responsible to human diseases, including AIDS, pollo, influenza, cold sores, measles, few types of cancer.

A

Viruses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

They cannot reproduce unless present within a host cell.

A

Virus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Outside of a living cell, the virus exists as a particle, or ________, which is little more than a macromolecular package.

A

virion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Occur in a wide variety of very different shapes, sizes, and constructions, but all of them share certain common properties.

A

Viruses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

An infectious agent consisting of a small circular RNA molecule that totally lacks a protein coat

A

Viroids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

___________stem cells in the bone marrow are an example of an adult stem cell

A

Hematopoietic stem cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

He coined the term viroid.

A

Theodor Otto Diener

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Unlike ES cells, the generation of ___cells does not require the use of an embryo.

A

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Which are a type of stem cell isolated from very young mammalian embryos.

A

Embryonic stem (ES) cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

It’s a type of germ cell tumor. It can contain many different types of tissues, including bone, muscle, teeth, and hair.

A

Teratoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

It is a biological concept that proposes that complex cells, such as eukaryotic cells, which make up most multicellular organisms, evolved through a process of symbiotic relationships between simpler, independent microorganisms.

A

Symbiogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

It is an organism that lives inside the body or cells of another organism, known as the host, in a mutually beneficial relationship.

A

Endosymbiont

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

An optical instrument used to magnify small objects or specimens that cannot be seen clearly with the naked eye.

A

Compound microscope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Other term for eyepiece

A

Ocular lens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What is LPO?

A

Low power objective (10x)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Refers to organisms that are composed of only one cell

A

Unicellular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What is HPO?

A

High power objective (40x)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Refers to processes, structures, or substances that are located within the cells of living organisms.

A

Intracellular

51
Q

Refers to processes, communication, or interactions that occur between cells or involve the spaces or substances that exist between cells.

A

Intercellular

51
Q

Examples of _________ organisms include bacteria, archaea, protists, and certain types of yeast.

A

Unicellular

52
Q

They are living beings composed of multiple cells working together in a coordinated manner.

A

Multicellular

53
Q

It is a type of cell that is characterized by having a defined nucleus containing genetic material (DNA) enclosed within a membrane.

A

Eukaryotic cell

54
Q

A type of cell that lacks a defined nucleus and many of the membrane-bound organelles found in eukaryotic cells.

A

Prokaryotic Cell

54
Q

It is an organic compounds that
consist of carbon, hydrogen, and
oxygen atoms in a fixed ratio

A

Carbohydrates

55
Q

It is single sugar molecule, and a simplest form of carbohydrates.

A

Monosaccharides

55
Q

Main source of energy for all living things.

A

Carbohydrates

56
Q

Glucose, Fructose and Galactose is found in?

A

Monosaccharides

57
Q

It is a sugar molecule composed of two monosaccharides.

A

Disaccharides

58
Q

Sucrose, Lactose and Maltose in an example of?

A

Disaccharide’s

59
Q

Long chains of 3 or more monosaccharide’s.

A

Polysaccharides

60
Q

Cellulose, starch and glycogen are found in?

A

Polysaccharides

61
Q

The chain can be
straight or branched and it is linked by a chemical bond called____.

A

glycosidic bonds.

62
Q

Its primary role is to supply
energy through the form of glucose, and the excess production
will serves as a reserve energy called glycogen.

A

Carbohydrates in cellular process

63
Q

The excess production of energy in the form of glucose is called?

A

Glycogen

64
Q

It is comprised of 22 long-chain amino acids attached by peptide bond.

A

Proteins

65
Q

It is comprised of 22 long-chain amino acids attached by peptide bond.

A

Protein

66
Q

These are organic compounds soluble in
nonpolar solvents such as chloroform,
ether, and acetone but insoluble in
water.

A

Lipids

67
Q

Lipids are soluble in solvents such as?

A

Chloroform, ether and acetone

68
Q

Two main types of nucleic acid

A

DNA and RNA

69
Q

What does RNA stand for?

A

Ribonucleic Acid

69
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

70
Q

What are the building blocks of nucleic acids?

A

nucleotides

70
Q

It a model that consist if arrangement of molecules in the cell membrane.

A

FLUID-MOSAIC MODEL

70
Q

It is the smallest
part to which an organism can be
reduced that still retains the
characteristics of life.

A

Cell

70
Q

The chemical reactions that occur within the cells are referred to collectively as ______

A

cell metabolism.

70
Q

It encloses the cytoplasm and forms the boundary between material inside the cell and material outside it.

A

Cell membrane or plasma membrane

70
Q

Substances outside the cell are called?

A

extracellular substances

70
Q

Substances inside the cell are called?

A

intracellular substances.

70
Q

The major molecules that make up the cell membrane are?

A

Phospholipids and proteins

70
Q

The phospholipids form a what layer?

A

Double-layer molecules

70
Q

It is known as water loving

A

Hydrophilic head

70
Q

It is known as water fearing

A

Hydrophobic tail

71
Q

It forms a lipid barrier between inside
and outside of the cells.

A

Phospholipid bilayer

72
Q

Protein with carbohydrate attached.

A

Glycoprotein

73
Q

Lipid with carbohydrate attached.

A

Glycolipid

74
Q

It is selectively permeable

A

Cell membranes

75
Q

It occurs when the concentration of
particles is higher in one area than the other.

A

Concentration Gradient

75
Q

Give example of intracellular substances

A

Enzymes, glycogen, potassium ions

76
Q

Two types of membrane transport.

A

Passive transport and active transport

76
Q

Give example of extracellular substances

A

Sodium ions, calcium ions, chlorine ions

77
Q

It’s a type of membrane transport and does not have a ATP and powered by electrochemical gradient.

A

Passive transport

78
Q

It’s a type of membrane transport and requires ATP.

A

Active transport

79
Q

Diffusion and osmosis is a type of what membrane transport?

A

Passive transport

80
Q

Primary and Secondary is a type of what membrane transport?

A

Active transport

80
Q

It is the tendency for solutes to move from an area of higher concentrations to an area of lower concentration of that solute in a solution.

A

Diffusion

81
Q

It is non-carrier mediated transport.

A

Simple diffusion

81
Q

It is a carrier mediated transport process that moves substances into or out of cells from a higher to a lower concentration of that substance.

A

Facilitated Diffusion

81
Q

It function to move large, water-soluble molecules or electrically charged ions across the cell membrane.

A

Carrier-mediated transport mechanisms

82
Q

Solution has two parts:

A

Solute and solvent

83
Q

It is the diffusion of water (a
solvent) across a selectively permeable
membrane from a region of higher
concentration to one of lower
concentration.

A

Osmosis

84
Q

It occurs when the cell membrane is less permeable, selectively permeable,
or not permeable to solute, and a concentration gradient for water exists
across the cell membrane.

A

Osmosis

85
Q

A solution that has the same solute concentration as another solution. Cell membrane remain constant.

A

Isotonic solution

86
Q

A solution that has a higher solute concentration than another. Water move out of the cell causing crenation.

A

Hypertonic solution

86
Q

A solution that has a lower solute concentration than another solution. Water particles will move into the cell. Expands and lyse.

A

Hypotonic solution

87
Q

It is a carrier-mediated process that moves substances across the cell membrane from regions of lower concentrations to those of higher
concentration against a concentration
gradient.

A

Active Transport

87
Q

What does ATP stands for?

A

Adenosine Triphosphate

88
Q

It is the uptake of material
through the cell membrane by the
formation of a membrane-bound sac
called a vesicle

A

Endocytosis

89
Q

Endocytosis is the uptake of material
through the cell membrane by the
formation of a membrane-bound sac
called a ______

A

vesicle

90
Q

_________ or cell-drinking, is a process by which a liquid droplets are ingested by the living cell.

A

Pinocytosis

90
Q

______ or cell-eating, is a term often used for endocytosis when solid particles are ingested

A

Phagocytosis

91
Q

________ is the fusion of secretory
vesicles with the plasma membrane and results in the discharge of vesicle content into the extracellular space and the incorporation of new proteins and lipids into the plasma membrane

A

Exocytosis

92
Q

What are the hierarchy of cellular organization.

A

Cell-tissue-organ-organ system-organism-population-community-ecosystem.

93
Q

It is where materials can
pass into or out of the nucleus.

A

Nuclear pores

94
Q

The nucleus contains loosely coiled
fibers called _________consisting of
the DNA and proteins.

A

chromatin

95
Q

It is a large organelle usually
located near the center of the cell.

A

Nucleus

96
Q

It doesn’t have ribosome. It is the site for lipid synthesis.

A

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

97
Q

It has ribosomes attached into it.

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

97
Q

It is where proteins are produced.

A

Ribosome

98
Q

A series of membranes forming sacs and tubules that extends from the outer nuclear membrane into the cytoplasm.

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

99
Q

It collects, modifies, packages, and
distributes proteins and lipids
manufactured by the Endoplasmic
Reticulum.

A

Golgi Apparatus

100
Q

A small, membrane-bound sac that transports or stores materials within the cells.

A

Vesicle

101
Q

It is a pinch off from the Golgi Apparatus and move to the surface of the cell.

A

Secretory vesicle

102
Q

A membrane-bound vesicles formed from the Golgi apparatus. Contains enzymes that function as intracellular digestive systems.

A

Lysosome

103
Q

A small membrane bound vesicle that break down fatty acids, amino acids, and hydrogen peroxide.

A

Peroxisomes

104
Q

A small, bean-shaped, rod-shaped, or long, threadlike organelles with inner and outer membranes separated by a space.

A

Mitochondria

105
Q

It projects like shelves, the folds inside the mitochondria is called?

A

Cristae

106
Q

The major sites of Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) production within the cells. Carry out aerobic respiration.

A

Mitochondria

107
Q

Consists of proteins that
support the cell, hold organelles in
place, and enable the cell to change
shape.

A

Cytoskeleton

108
Q

These are hollow structures formed from protein subunits.

A

Microtubules

109
Q

These are small fibrils formed from protein subunits that structurally support the cytoplasm.

A

Microfilaments

110
Q

These are fibrils formed from protein subunits that are smaller in diameter than microtubules but larger in diameter than microfilaments

A

Intermediate filaments

111
Q

It is a specialized zone
of cytoplasm close to the nucleus that
is the center of microtubule formation.

A

Centrosome

112
Q

It is project from the surface of cells,
are capable of moving, and vary in
number from none to thousands per
cell.

A

Cilia

113
Q

It have a structure similar to that
of cilia but are much longer, and
usually occur only one per cell.

A

Flagella

114
Q

It is specialized extensions of the cell membrane that are supported by microfilaments, but they do not actively move like cilia and flagella.

A

Microvilli

115
Q

Serves as a container for water, enzymes, etc.

A

Vacuoles

116
Q

Site for photosynthesis in plants.

A

Chloroplast

Cell and Molecular Biology (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions