Chapter 1-3 Flashcards
He looked at thin pieces of cork under his microscope and saw tiny structures that looked like small rooms. He called these structures “cells.”
Robert Hooke (1665)
He used his microscope to find even smaller things, which he called “animalcules.” These were the first observations of very tiny, single-celled organisms, like bacteria.
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
They came up with two important ideas about cells:
A. “All living things are made of one or more cells.” This means that every plant, animal, and other living things are composed of cells.
B. “The cell is the basic building block of life.” This means that cells are like the smallest bricks that make up all living things.
Matthias Schleiden and Theodore Schwann
He added another idea to the cell theory:
A. “Cells can only come from other existing cells.” This means that new cells are created through a process of division from already existing cells, like a parent cell dividing to make new cells, just as a plant can grow from a seed.
Rudolf Virchow
- Energy flow occurs within cells
- Hereditary Information (DNA) is passed on from one cell to another cell
- All cells have the same basic chemical composition.
Modern Cell Theory
All____have the same basic chemical composition.
cells
Energy flow occurs _______ cells
within
It is passed on from one cell to another cell
Hereditary information (DNA)
What did Anton van Leeuwenhoek observe using his microscope, making the first observations of very tiny, single-celled organisms?
Bacteria
Who was Henrietta Lacks, and why is she significant in the history of cell theory?
A patient whose cancer cells were used for the first human cell culture
What does LUCA stands for?
Last Universal Common Ancestor
What is DNA’s role in cell theory, according to the principles of modern cell theory?
DNA provides instructions for building and running living things
Cells possess a genetic program that is encoded in a collection of genes. What is the material that genes are constructed of?
DNA
How do cells reproduce?
Binary fission
What is the primary energy storage molecule in cells?
ATP
Which process converts light energy into chemical energy in plants?
Photosynthesis
What is the role of enzymes in cellular chemical reactions?
Enzymes increase the rate at which chemical reactions occur.
What term represents the sum total of the chemical reactions that occur in a cell?
Metabolism
Complex cell structures have a ______ number of parts that must be in their ________.
greater, proper place
It can be isolated from an organism and cultured in the laboratory where they will grow and reproduce for extended periods of time.
Whole cells
Considered as basic properties of life, only living entity faces this aspect
Death
reproduce by division,a process in which the contents of a_________ cell are distributed into two “_______“cells
mother, daugther
The genetic material is faithfully duplicated, and each daughter cell receives a complete and equal share of __________
genetic information
Light energy is converted by photosynthesis into chemical energy that is stored in energy- rich carbohydrates, such as _________
sucrose or starch.
It function like miniaturized chemical power plants.
Cells
All chemical changes that take place in cells require_____
enzymes
According to modern biology, all living organisms have evolved from a common ancestral cell. What is this common ancestral cell referred to as?
Last universal common ancestor (LUCA)
What is the presumed origin of cells?
Cells evolved from precellular life forms from non-living organic materials in the primordial seas.
A______moves away from an object in its path or moves toward a source of nutrients.
single-celled protist
Most cells are covered with _______that interact with substances in the environment in highly specific ways.
receptors
TRUE OR FLASE: Each type of cellular activity requires a unique set of highly complex molecular tools and machines-the products of eons of natural selection and biological evolution.
TRUE
Two kinds of cell
Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cell
Type of prokaryotic cell
Domain Archaea & Domain Bacteria
It is the species that live in extremely inhospitable environment
Domain Archaea
All living organisms have evolved from a single, common ancestral cell that lived more than three billion years ago.
LUCA
Often referred to as “extremophiles”
Domain Archaea
This type of cell includes the smallest known cells, the mycoplasma.
Domain Bacteria
It is present in every conceivable habitat on earth.
Domain Bacteria
It is antibiotic resistant, lacks cell wall and has a genome with fewer than 500 genes.
Domain bacteria
In many regards, the most complex
eukaryotic cells are not found inside of
plants or animals, but rather among the
__________
unicellular protists
Types of Eukaryotic Cell
Plant cell and animal cell
Cell and molecular biologists have focused considerable research activities on a small number of___________ models.
“representative” models.
Most commonly used to measure and describe structures within a cell:
micrometer (um) and nanometer (nm)
It is responsible to human diseases, including AIDS, pollo, influenza, cold sores, measles, few types of cancer.
Viruses
They cannot reproduce unless present within a host cell.
Virus
Outside of a living cell, the virus exists as a particle, or ________, which is little more than a macromolecular package.
virion
Occur in a wide variety of very different shapes, sizes, and constructions, but all of them share certain common properties.
Viruses
An infectious agent consisting of a small circular RNA molecule that totally lacks a protein coat
Viroids
___________stem cells in the bone marrow are an example of an adult stem cell
Hematopoietic stem cells
He coined the term viroid.
Theodor Otto Diener
Unlike ES cells, the generation of ___cells does not require the use of an embryo.
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
Which are a type of stem cell isolated from very young mammalian embryos.
Embryonic stem (ES) cells
It’s a type of germ cell tumor. It can contain many different types of tissues, including bone, muscle, teeth, and hair.
Teratoma
It is a biological concept that proposes that complex cells, such as eukaryotic cells, which make up most multicellular organisms, evolved through a process of symbiotic relationships between simpler, independent microorganisms.
Symbiogenesis
It is an organism that lives inside the body or cells of another organism, known as the host, in a mutually beneficial relationship.
Endosymbiont
An optical instrument used to magnify small objects or specimens that cannot be seen clearly with the naked eye.
Compound microscope
Other term for eyepiece
Ocular lens
What is LPO?
Low power objective (10x)
Refers to organisms that are composed of only one cell
Unicellular
What is HPO?
High power objective (40x)
Refers to processes, structures, or substances that are located within the cells of living organisms.
Intracellular
Refers to processes, communication, or interactions that occur between cells or involve the spaces or substances that exist between cells.
Intercellular
Examples of _________ organisms include bacteria, archaea, protists, and certain types of yeast.
Unicellular
They are living beings composed of multiple cells working together in a coordinated manner.
Multicellular
It is a type of cell that is characterized by having a defined nucleus containing genetic material (DNA) enclosed within a membrane.
Eukaryotic cell
A type of cell that lacks a defined nucleus and many of the membrane-bound organelles found in eukaryotic cells.
Prokaryotic Cell
It is an organic compounds that
consist of carbon, hydrogen, and
oxygen atoms in a fixed ratio
Carbohydrates
It is single sugar molecule, and a simplest form of carbohydrates.
Monosaccharides
Main source of energy for all living things.
Carbohydrates
Glucose, Fructose and Galactose is found in?
Monosaccharides
It is a sugar molecule composed of two monosaccharides.
Disaccharides
Sucrose, Lactose and Maltose in an example of?
Disaccharide’s
Long chains of 3 or more monosaccharide’s.
Polysaccharides
Cellulose, starch and glycogen are found in?
Polysaccharides
The chain can be
straight or branched and it is linked by a chemical bond called____.
glycosidic bonds.
Its primary role is to supply
energy through the form of glucose, and the excess production
will serves as a reserve energy called glycogen.
Carbohydrates in cellular process
The excess production of energy in the form of glucose is called?
Glycogen
It is comprised of 22 long-chain amino acids attached by peptide bond.
Proteins
It is comprised of 22 long-chain amino acids attached by peptide bond.
Protein
These are organic compounds soluble in
nonpolar solvents such as chloroform,
ether, and acetone but insoluble in
water.
Lipids
Lipids are soluble in solvents such as?
Chloroform, ether and acetone
Two main types of nucleic acid
DNA and RNA
What does RNA stand for?
Ribonucleic Acid
What does DNA stand for?
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
What are the building blocks of nucleic acids?
nucleotides
It a model that consist if arrangement of molecules in the cell membrane.
FLUID-MOSAIC MODEL
It is the smallest
part to which an organism can be
reduced that still retains the
characteristics of life.
Cell
The chemical reactions that occur within the cells are referred to collectively as ______
cell metabolism.
It encloses the cytoplasm and forms the boundary between material inside the cell and material outside it.
Cell membrane or plasma membrane
Substances outside the cell are called?
extracellular substances
Substances inside the cell are called?
intracellular substances.
The major molecules that make up the cell membrane are?
Phospholipids and proteins
The phospholipids form a what layer?
Double-layer molecules
It is known as water loving
Hydrophilic head
It is known as water fearing
Hydrophobic tail
It forms a lipid barrier between inside
and outside of the cells.
Phospholipid bilayer
Protein with carbohydrate attached.
Glycoprotein
Lipid with carbohydrate attached.
Glycolipid
It is selectively permeable
Cell membranes
It occurs when the concentration of
particles is higher in one area than the other.
Concentration Gradient
Give example of intracellular substances
Enzymes, glycogen, potassium ions
Two types of membrane transport.
Passive transport and active transport
Give example of extracellular substances
Sodium ions, calcium ions, chlorine ions
It’s a type of membrane transport and does not have a ATP and powered by electrochemical gradient.
Passive transport
It’s a type of membrane transport and requires ATP.
Active transport
Diffusion and osmosis is a type of what membrane transport?
Passive transport
Primary and Secondary is a type of what membrane transport?
Active transport
It is the tendency for solutes to move from an area of higher concentrations to an area of lower concentration of that solute in a solution.
Diffusion
It is non-carrier mediated transport.
Simple diffusion
It is a carrier mediated transport process that moves substances into or out of cells from a higher to a lower concentration of that substance.
Facilitated Diffusion
It function to move large, water-soluble molecules or electrically charged ions across the cell membrane.
Carrier-mediated transport mechanisms
Solution has two parts:
Solute and solvent
It is the diffusion of water (a
solvent) across a selectively permeable
membrane from a region of higher
concentration to one of lower
concentration.
Osmosis
It occurs when the cell membrane is less permeable, selectively permeable,
or not permeable to solute, and a concentration gradient for water exists
across the cell membrane.
Osmosis
A solution that has the same solute concentration as another solution. Cell membrane remain constant.
Isotonic solution
A solution that has a higher solute concentration than another. Water move out of the cell causing crenation.
Hypertonic solution
A solution that has a lower solute concentration than another solution. Water particles will move into the cell. Expands and lyse.
Hypotonic solution
It is a carrier-mediated process that moves substances across the cell membrane from regions of lower concentrations to those of higher
concentration against a concentration
gradient.
Active Transport
What does ATP stands for?
Adenosine Triphosphate
It is the uptake of material
through the cell membrane by the
formation of a membrane-bound sac
called a vesicle
Endocytosis
Endocytosis is the uptake of material
through the cell membrane by the
formation of a membrane-bound sac
called a ______
vesicle
_________ or cell-drinking, is a process by which a liquid droplets are ingested by the living cell.
Pinocytosis
______ or cell-eating, is a term often used for endocytosis when solid particles are ingested
Phagocytosis
________ is the fusion of secretory
vesicles with the plasma membrane and results in the discharge of vesicle content into the extracellular space and the incorporation of new proteins and lipids into the plasma membrane
Exocytosis
What are the hierarchy of cellular organization.
Cell-tissue-organ-organ system-organism-population-community-ecosystem.
It is where materials can
pass into or out of the nucleus.
Nuclear pores
The nucleus contains loosely coiled
fibers called _________consisting of
the DNA and proteins.
chromatin
It is a large organelle usually
located near the center of the cell.
Nucleus
It doesn’t have ribosome. It is the site for lipid synthesis.
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
It has ribosomes attached into it.
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
It is where proteins are produced.
Ribosome
A series of membranes forming sacs and tubules that extends from the outer nuclear membrane into the cytoplasm.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
It collects, modifies, packages, and
distributes proteins and lipids
manufactured by the Endoplasmic
Reticulum.
Golgi Apparatus
A small, membrane-bound sac that transports or stores materials within the cells.
Vesicle
It is a pinch off from the Golgi Apparatus and move to the surface of the cell.
Secretory vesicle
A membrane-bound vesicles formed from the Golgi apparatus. Contains enzymes that function as intracellular digestive systems.
Lysosome
A small membrane bound vesicle that break down fatty acids, amino acids, and hydrogen peroxide.
Peroxisomes
A small, bean-shaped, rod-shaped, or long, threadlike organelles with inner and outer membranes separated by a space.
Mitochondria
It projects like shelves, the folds inside the mitochondria is called?
Cristae
The major sites of Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) production within the cells. Carry out aerobic respiration.
Mitochondria
Consists of proteins that
support the cell, hold organelles in
place, and enable the cell to change
shape.
Cytoskeleton
These are hollow structures formed from protein subunits.
Microtubules
These are small fibrils formed from protein subunits that structurally support the cytoplasm.
Microfilaments
These are fibrils formed from protein subunits that are smaller in diameter than microtubules but larger in diameter than microfilaments
Intermediate filaments
It is a specialized zone
of cytoplasm close to the nucleus that
is the center of microtubule formation.
Centrosome
It is project from the surface of cells,
are capable of moving, and vary in
number from none to thousands per
cell.
Cilia
It have a structure similar to that
of cilia but are much longer, and
usually occur only one per cell.
Flagella
It is specialized extensions of the cell membrane that are supported by microfilaments, but they do not actively move like cilia and flagella.
Microvilli
Serves as a container for water, enzymes, etc.
Vacuoles
Site for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast
