Chapter 4

Question 1

What is social perception ?

Answer 1

The process by which people come to understand one another

Question 2

What are scripts ?

Answer 2

Enable us to anticipate the goals, behaviours, and outcomes likely to occur in a particular setting

Question 3

What did Leslie Zebrowitz believe?

Answer 3

She believed that we associate babyish features with helplessness traits and then overgeneralize this expectation to baby-faced adults

Question 4

What is Mind Perception ?

Answer 4

The process by which people attribute human-like mental states to various animate or inanimate objects, including other people

Question 5

What is nonverbal behaviour ?

Answer 5

Behaviour that reveals a person’s feelings without words through facial expressions, body-language, and vocal cues

Question 6

What is the attribution theory ?

Answer 6

A group of theories that describe how people explain the causes of behaviour

Question 7

What are personal attributions ?

Answer 7

attribution to internal characteristics of an actor

Question 8

What are situational attributions ?

Answer 8

attribution to factors external to an actor

Question 9

What is the Correspondent Inference Theory ?

Answer 9

Predicts that people try to infer from an action whether the act corresponds to an enduring personal trait of the actor

Question 10

What are the 3 factors in the CIT ?

Answer 10

degree of choice, expectedness of the behaviour, and effects/consequences

Question 11

What is the covariation principle ?

Answer 11

Holds that people attribute behaviour to factors that are present when a behaviour occurs and are absent when it doesn’t

Question 12

What is consensus ?

Answer 12

see how different persons react to the same stimuli

Question 13

What is distinctiveness ?

Answer 13

see how the same person reacts to different stimuli

Question 14

What is consistency ?

Answer 14

see what happens to the behaviour at another time when the person and the stimulus both remain the same

Question 15

What makes up external attributions ?

Answer 15

High consensus + High distinctiveness + Low consistency

Question 16

What makes up internal attributions ?

Answer 16

Low consensus + Low distintiveness + High consistency

Question 17

What are the 2 systems presented by Daniel Kahneman ?

Answer 17

System 1: quick, easy, automatic
System 2: Slow and controlled and requires attention and effort

Question 18

What is cognitive heuristics ?

Answer 18

Information-processing rules of thumb that enable us to think in ways that are quick and easy but often lead to error

Question 19

What is availibility heuristics ?

Answer 19

a tendency to estimate the odds that an event will occur by how easily instances of it popping to mind

Question 20

What is false-consensus effect?

Answer 20

Tendency for people to overestimate the extent to which others share their opinions, attributes, and behaviours

Question 21

What is the base-rate fallacy ?

Answer 21

The fact that people are relatively insensitive to numerical base rates, or probablities

Question 22

What is counter-factual thinking ?

Answer 22

A tendency to imagine alternative outcomes that might have occured but did not

Question 23

What is the Fundamental Attribution Error ?

Answer 23

The tendency to focus on the role of personal causes and underestimate the impact of situations on other people’s behaviour

Question 24

What is the Actor-Observer effect ?

Answer 24

We can only see the situation when we are “acting” and we focus on the person when watching someone else

Question 25

What is false consensus ?

Answer 25

Believe everyone does it

Question 26

What is anchoring ?

Answer 26

How information is presented

Question 27

What is relational mobility ?

Answer 27

Refers to how much freedom and opportunity a society affords individuals to form new socials ties and break old ones based on personal preference

Question 28

What is the illusion of objectivity ?

Answer 28

means that anyone who disagrees is wrong

Question 29

What is the Belief in a Just World ?

Answer 29

Good things happen to good people and vice versa

Question 30

What is impression formation ?

Answer 30

The process of integrating information about a person to form a coherent impression

Question 31

What is information interegation theory?

Answer 31

Impressions are based on perceiver dispositions and a weighted average of a target person’s traits

Question 32

What is priming ?

Answer 32

The tendency for frequently or recently used concepts to come to mind easily and influence the way we interpret new information

Question 33

What is the trait negatively bias ?

Answer 33

The tendency for negative information to weigh more heavily on our impressions than positive information

Question 34

What are Implicit Personality Theories ?

Answer 34

A network of assumptions about the relationships among various types of people, traits, and behaviours

Question 35

What are central traits ?

Answer 35

Traits that exert a powerful influence overall impressions

Question 36

What is the Primacy effect ?

Answer 36

The tendency for information presented early in a sequence to have more impact on impressions than information presented later

Question 37

What are confirmation biases ?

Answer 37

Tendencies to interpret, seek, and create information in ways that verify existing beliefs

Question 38

What is belief perserverance ?

Answer 38

Tendency to retain to one’s initial beliefs even after they had been discredited

Question 39

What is the Self-Fulfulling Prophecy ?

Answer 39

The process by which one’s expectations about a person eventually lead that person to behave in ways that confirm those expectations