Chapter 4 Flashcards
What is social perception ?
The process by which people come to understand one another
What are scripts ?
Enable us to anticipate the goals, behaviours, and outcomes likely to occur in a particular setting
What did Leslie Zebrowitz believe?
She believed that we associate babyish features with helplessness traits and then overgeneralize this expectation to baby-faced adults
What is Mind Perception ?
The process by which people attribute human-like mental states to various animate or inanimate objects, including other people
What is nonverbal behaviour ?
Behaviour that reveals a person’s feelings without words through facial expressions, body-language, and vocal cues
What is the attribution theory ?
A group of theories that describe how people explain the causes of behaviour
What are personal attributions ?
attribution to internal characteristics of an actor
What are situational attributions ?
attribution to factors external to an actor
What is the Correspondent Inference Theory ?
Predicts that people try to infer from an action whether the act corresponds to an enduring personal trait of the actor
What are the 3 factors in the CIT ?
degree of choice, expectedness of the behaviour, and effects/consequences
What is the covariation principle ?
Holds that people attribute behaviour to factors that are present when a behaviour occurs and are absent when it doesn’t
What is consensus ?
see how different persons react to the same stimuli
What is distinctiveness ?
see how the same person reacts to different stimuli
What is consistency ?
see what happens to the behaviour at another time when the person and the stimulus both remain the same
What makes up external attributions ?
High consensus + High distinctiveness + Low consistency
What makes up internal attributions ?
Low consensus + Low distintiveness + High consistency
What are the 2 systems presented by Daniel Kahneman ?
System 1: quick, easy, automatic
System 2: Slow and controlled and requires attention and effort
What is cognitive heuristics ?
Information-processing rules of thumb that enable us to think in ways that are quick and easy but often lead to error
What is availibility heuristics ?
a tendency to estimate the odds that an event will occur by how easily instances of it popping to mind
What is false-consensus effect?
Tendency for people to overestimate the extent to which others share their opinions, attributes, and behaviours
What is the base-rate fallacy ?
The fact that people are relatively insensitive to numerical base rates, or probablities
What is counter-factual thinking ?
A tendency to imagine alternative outcomes that might have occured but did not
What is the Fundamental Attribution Error ?
The tendency to focus on the role of personal causes and underestimate the impact of situations on other people’s behaviour
What is the Actor-Observer effect ?
We can only see the situation when we are “acting” and we focus on the person when watching someone else
What is false consensus ?
Believe everyone does it
What is anchoring ?
How information is presented
What is relational mobility ?
Refers to how much freedom and opportunity a society affords individuals to form new socials ties and break old ones based on personal preference
What is the illusion of objectivity ?
means that anyone who disagrees is wrong
What is the Belief in a Just World ?
Good things happen to good people and vice versa
What is impression formation ?
The process of integrating information about a person to form a coherent impression
What is information interegation theory?
Impressions are based on perceiver dispositions and a weighted average of a target person’s traits
What is priming ?
The tendency for frequently or recently used concepts to come to mind easily and influence the way we interpret new information
What is the trait negatively bias ?
The tendency for negative information to weigh more heavily on our impressions than positive information
What are Implicit Personality Theories ?
A network of assumptions about the relationships among various types of people, traits, and behaviours
What are central traits ?
Traits that exert a powerful influence overall impressions
What is the Primacy effect ?
The tendency for information presented early in a sequence to have more impact on impressions than information presented later
What are confirmation biases ?
Tendencies to interpret, seek, and create information in ways that verify existing beliefs
What is belief perserverance ?
Tendency to retain to one’s initial beliefs even after they had been discredited
What is the Self-Fulfulling Prophecy ?
The process by which one’s expectations about a person eventually lead that person to behave in ways that confirm those expectations
