Chapter 3 Flashcards
What is self-concept ?
Our thoughts, beliefs or perceptions that we have of ourselves, and our relations to others
What are the functions of the Self ?
Interpersonal tool, helps make choices, and self-regulation
What are schemas ?
a script for how we expect to do things
What are schematic schemas ?
Affected; care about it
What are aschematic schemas ?
don’t really care or find it important
What is the looking glass self ?
Other people serve as a mirror in which we see ourselves
What are the sources of the self-concept ?
Introspection, self perception, influences of other people, autobiographical memory, and cultural perspectives
What is introspection ?
A looking inward at one’s own thoughts and feelings
What did Wilson state ?
Stated that we should focus on what you do not what you think
What is affective forecasting ?
Imagining how you would feel if ‘X’ happened
What is impact bias ?
People overestimate the strength and duration of their emotional reactions
What is self perception ?
People can learn about themselves simply by watching their own behaviour
Who created the self-perception theory?
Daryl Bem (1972)
What is SOKA short for ?
Self-Other Knowledge Assymetry
What is SOKA ?
Predicts that we know ourselves better than others do when it comes to traits that are “internal” and hard to observe and that there is no self-other difference when it comes to “external” triats
What is the facial feedback hypothesis ?
States that changes in facial expressions can trigger corresponding changes in the subjective experience of emotion
What is intrinsic motivation ?
Factors within a person; engage in activity for the sake of their own interest
What is extrinsic motivation ?
Factors outside the person; engage in an activity as a means to an end, for tangible benefit
What is the overjustification effect ?
The tendency for intrinsic motivation to diminish for activities that have become associated w/ reward or other extrinsic factors
What is the Social Comparison Theory ?
When uncertain about our abilitites or opinions, we evaluate self through comparisons with others who are similar to us
Who made the Social Comparison Theory ?
Leon Festinger (1954)
What is the Two-Factor Theory of Emotion ?
The theory that the experience of emotion is based on 2 factors: physiological arousal and a cognitive interpretation of that arousal
What are Autobiographical Memories ?
The recollections of the sequences of events that have touched your life
What type of memories do people often remember ?
Recent memories
What is a reminiscence bump ?
In regards to older adults often remembering memories from when they were adolescents or early adults
What are flashbulb memories ?
Term to describe these enduring, detailed, high-resolution recollections
What is Individualism ?
values the virtues of independence, autonomy, and self-reliance
What is Collectivism ?
values the virtues of interdependence, cooperation, and social harmony
What is culture made up of ?
Ideas, Insititutions, Interactions, and Individuals
Whats is Dialecticism ?
A system of thought characterized by the acceptance of such contradictions thorugh compromise
What is self-esteem ?
self-appraisals of our own value or worth as a person
What is the sociometer theory ?
Self-esteem is a gauge that monitors our social interactions and sends us signals as to whether our behaviour is acceptable to others
What is the terror management theory ?
Humans cope with the fear of their own death by constructing worldviews that help to perserve their self-esteem
What is the Self-Discrepancy Theory ?
Our self-esteem is defined by the match or mismatch b/w how we see ourselves and how we want to see ourselves
Who made the self-discreancy theory ?
E.Tory Higgins (1989)
What are the domains of self?
Actual. Ideal, Ought
What is the self-awareness theory ?
Self-focused attention leads people to notice self-discrepancies, thereby motivating either an escape from self-awareness or a change in behaviour
What is private self-consciousness ?
The tendency to introspect about our inner thoughts and feelings
What is public self-consciousness ?
The tendency to focus on our outer public image
What is self-regulation ?
The processes by which we seek to control or alter out thoughts, feelings, behaviours, and urges in order to live an acceptable social life
What is the Better than Average effect ?
The pattern of people believing they are better than others
What is Implicit Egotism ?
an unconscious and subtle expression of self-esteem
What are self-serving biases ?
Tend to see ourselves very postiviely
What is self-handicapping ?
actions people take to handicap their own performance in order to build an excuse for anticipated failure
What is Basking in Reflected Glory ?
To increase self-esteem by associating w/ others who are successful
What is Downward Social Comparison ?
The defensive tendency to compare ourselves with others who are worse off than we are
What is self-presentation ?
The process by which we try to shape what other people think of us and what we think of ourselves
What is self verification ?
The desire to have others perceive us as we truly perceive ourselves
What is self-monitoring ?
The tendency to regulate one’s own behaviour to meet the demands of social situations
