Chapter 4 Flashcards
Early Problems
Deceit in Borders:
Cyril Redcliffe award caused kashmir issue. the road only connecting to kashmir was given to india transfer of troops.Accession of Hyderabad South Indian princely states Junagadh and Manawadar created similar problems and these were captured by force
Mass Migration:
from indian territory to paki caused terrorism and massacre of muslims by sikhs. paki had to give shelter to 10 million refugees
Admin problems:
gov employees had to be replaced by untrained locals. karachi lacked infrastructure. gov office setup in millitary tents. paki didnt receive its share of supplies. offices worked without basic stuff
Canal Water Issue:
india got the upper heads of three big rivers Sutlej Ravi Beas including Madhupur headworks at ravi and Ferozpur headworks at sutlej. after indian occupation of kashmir india also got chenab and jhelum, controlling all of paki water. demonstrated negative potential by cutting water supply. 1k acre crop damaged.
Unfair distribution of assets and economic problems:
paki deprived of its due share of money and gov employees destroyed gov records. factories, military equipment, hospitals, non functional
Unfair distribution of military assets:
the work of the commitee responsible for this was made impossible by hindus resulting in all of 16 ordnance factories ending up in india. paki started with small army and resources. paki received out of order stuff
Quaid’s constitution ideas
Democratic. islamic but not theocratic. Rights of muslim nonmuslims equal. make it high pace and asap
Founders had high morals and ideals and wanted the constitution to reflect these ideals and to reflect true Islamic spirit.
Remedies of problem
> Constitution making: make it asap
Rehabilitation of refugees: “refugee relief fund” donation
Establish Gov: quaid gov gen, liaquat prime minister. small cabinet of competant person. quaid presided over meeting
Guide public servants: infused confidence to work day/night, change colonial attitude, u not ruler
Confidence: hostile propaganda. quaid tour country, addressing and assuring confidence
Other Initiatives:
Karachi = capital, Urdu = national lang
Pakistan Fund, generous donation. July 1 1948 = State Bank
Instituted Federal Court, highest court of country
Services of Liaquat Ali Khan
1895- 1951 (Barrister by profession)
Joined All India Muslim league in 1923.
Devoted life for muslims. Became general secratory of AIML in 1936 and member of central legislative assembly in 1945. Appointed as finance minister by Lord Wavell in Oct 1946. His budget broke hindu money lenders and industrialists contributing exorbitant amount to congress. He was called quaid right hand. became first prime minister. assasniated in jalsa in rawalpindi. will be remembered for obj res 1949
Accession of states
635 princely states were granted local rule holding title Rajas, MahaRajas, Mirs, Nawwabs, Mehtars.
British officer called residnt served as link b/w local and brit crown
Apart from princely states, tribes in Baluchistan and north western boundaries of India followed centuries old judicial practices. they were 99% muslim and became pakistan.
Provincial assemblies sat in meetings to decide partition of their provinces. Punjab and Bengal decided partition. Sindh oted for paki. NWFP was ruled by pro congress gov and people protested. referendum called, agree to paki. balouchistan hadnt attained status of province. jirga of tribal chief decided that rep will sit in legislative assembly of paki. India flouted efforts of souther states of Junagadh and Manawadar to accede to paki and captured them by military action along with hyderabad which was hindu majority ruled by muslim (Nizam) and wanted to join paki. Kashmir was ruled by Hindu Maharaja who took refuge with india gov, afraid of mass scale unrest. India staged that he had signed deed of kashmir accession with india. princely states maintained independance but joined paki one after the other. by april 1948, 10 joined paki. in 1970 all states were dissolved and amalgamated into neighbour provinces
Constitution Problems
Makers had to face many problems. the greatest of which was geographical position. 1600km difference in east and west wing of paki. West had 4 province, but combined population was less than single province of East. East Paki demanded rep based on population but West said based on parity (equal status). Political instability after assassination created further hindrances. Gov Gen Ghulam Muhammad dismissed assembly under charges of incompetence and corruption. Speaker molvi tameezuddin challenged it in sindh high court and gov gen orders were declared unconstitutional and null and void. fed gov challenged decision in supreme court which sided with gov gen and declared that assembly had ceased to exist
Gov of India act 1935 with certain ammendments was temp constitution
Objectives Resolution
March 1949 Constituent assembly addopted guiding principles and framed as obj res which was passed on 12 March 1949. Salient features
> Soverignty belong to Allah
> Exercise powers through elected rep of people
> Democracy, liberty, tolerance, & social just will uphold
> Enable citizens to shape their lives to islam
> Rights of non muslim protected; free act their religion
> Rights of common safegaurded, indep of judiciary ensure
Quaid Death to Ayub’s Martial Law
Qauid died on 11 Sep 1948, Khawaja Nizamudin elected as gov gen in his place 3 days later. Molvi Tameezuddin elected speaker of Constituent Assembly. After Liaqut Ali Khan assasination, Khawaja Nizamudin took over as prime minister and ex finance minister Malik Ghulam Muhammad was elected gov gen in his place. Anti Qadiani movements and protests resulted in dissmisal of Khawaja nizamuddin by Gov Gen due to incompetence.
East Pakistani, Mohammad Ali Bogra, Paki ambassador in Murica was called back and became prime minister. During his period foreign policy turned into ProAmerican and paki joined SEATO CENTO military alliances which only served american interest to contain soviet Union.
Gov Gen Ghulam Mohammad imposed emergency in country, Bogra and Ghulam resigned, Iskandar Mirza become gov gen. CH Mohammad Ali amalgamated the four provinces making a single province named east pakistan. iskandar mirza elected president after constitution
CH Mohammad Ali replaced by Hussain Shaheed Suhrawardy which was replaced by I.I. Chunrigar who was made to quit and Feroz Khan Noon was appointed prime minister and remained in office till October 7 1958
Iskandar Mirza imposed martial law. Ayub khan abrogated the constitution and assumed full powers and deposed iskandar mirza from office of president, sending him in exile
BD System
In 1959, Ayub khan promulgated a Basic Democracies order forming basis of BD System. 80 thousand members were elected (40k from each province). The BD System members had conciliatory powers in cases of minor judicial nature and local administration. The BD Members elected the president and members of National and two provincial assemblies. In case of difference of opinion arising between members of National assembly and President, this could be referred to the Electoral College (Body of BD system) for referendum.
A four tier local self government system was established as follows (in ascending order):
Union Council, Tehsil Council, District Council, Divisional Council
Muslim Family Law Ordinance
Ayub khan wanted to reform society according to his own ideology and this ordnance was the first step in this direction. This law strived to create a sense of security in Pakistani women. Religous circles opposed it, calling it un-Islamic.
The ordinance law setup the system of compulsory registration of Nikah. Husband’s right of second marriage were limited and a written permission was required from first wife. Early marriage was prohibited. Divorce was made difficulted and reconciliated was encouraged. Women were given a right to seek divorce (Khula)
1962 Constitution
On 1 Feb 1960, BD Members through their vote, gave Ayub khan the right to frame constitution. Instead of forming a representative body, Ayub Khan appointed a body of legal experts for this purpose. Constitution commision was headed by Justice Shihabuddin. The president ignored many of commission’s recommendations and himself made changes to the draft of constitution which gave it a entirely new character. The draft constitution was announced on 1 March 1962 and promulgated on 8 June 1962 and the martial law was lifted on the same day and the constitutional government was restored. According to Ayub Khan, it was a blend of democracy and discipline which is mandatory for an independent state, stable government, and an effective administration.
Presidential Elections under BD System
Held in January 1965. Fatima Jinnah contested against Ayub Khan as joint candidate in 5 political parties but according to results, lost the elections. The public refused to accept the results as fair, alleging the government for mass scale rigging and started movement for restoring democracy. Ayub Khan tried to suppress with iron hand but was ultimately forced to resign. 25 March 1969, Ayub Khan transferred powers to General Yahya Khan who took over as president and Chief Martial Law Administrator.
Pak Indo War 1965
In 1962, a border dispute developed into a small scale war between China and India. India with propaganda campaign impressed upon western powers that her security was in danger and was able to grab large quantities of arms and ammo, enhancing india army many times than of pak.
Hazrat Bal is shrine in Sri Nagar, Indian Occupied Kashmir. And in Dec 1963, the hair of Prophet Muhammad PBUH was stolen and the Indian government was blamed. Muslims started agitation. Meanwhile India occupied a military post of Pakistan in Rann and Katch area in Sindh. July 1965 Pak started pushing back the indian forces which were trying to cross international border. Both countries agreed to solve mutual issues thru negotiation. But the situation didnt imrprove. Indian forces crossed boundary line and occupied passes of Kargil Sector. In august 1965, india also occupied two important military posts in kashmir tetwal and haji pir. Both forces started advanced towards each other’s positions. Alarmed by this, India started a full scale war by attacking Punjab from 3 sides on 6 Sep 1965. Lahore was their prime target. Fighting heroically Pak stopped India. On 20 Sep 1965, UN Security Council appealed them to cease fire.
23 sep, it became effective and war stopped. This added a new chapter of history.
Economic Progress under Ayub Khan era
Ayub Gov aimed for economic progress and achieved it to a great extent. Economic and Industrial growth was higher than preceding decade. Pace of growth was accelerated due to five year economic planning. Second five year plan 1960 - 1965 was able to achieve almost all of its targets.
Land Reforms of Ayub Khan
Shortly after taking over as president, he instituted a Land Reforms Commission in 1958. Under these reforms, land holding was limited to 500 acres of irrigated land and 1000 acres of non irrigated land. This was an important step towards removing the feudal system. Landless and tenants could buy, in easy installments, the land surrendered by the Land Owners. Small scattered land pieces could be consolidated to make a single unit. Farmers were facilitated through easy loans to install tube wells. In order to improve drainage system, mega projects like tarbela and Margla Dam were built with help of world bank and friendly countries. To eradicate water logging and salinity problems, tube wells were installed in large numbers. ADBP played important role in progress of agriculture. “Green revolution era” title.
