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Microbiology 310 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

metabolism

A

sum total of all chemical rxns that occur in cell

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2
Q

catabolic rxns

A

energy releasing metabolic rxns

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3
Q

anabolic rxns

A

energy requiring metabolic rxns

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4
Q

nutrients

A

supply of monomers (or precursors) required by cells for growth

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5
Q

macronutrients

A

nutrients required in large amounts

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6
Q

micronutrients

A

nutrients required in trace amounts

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7
Q

carbon

A
  1. required by all cells
  2. typically bacterial cell is 50% carbon (dry weight)
  3. major element in all classes of macromolecules
  4. heterotrophs use organic carbon
  5. autotrophs use inorganic carbon
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8
Q

nitrogen

A
  1. typical bacterial cell is 12% nitrogen

2. key element in proteins, nucleic acids

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9
Q

phosphorous

A

synthesis of nucleic acids and phopholipids

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10
Q

sulfur

A

sulfur containing amino acids, vitamins, coenzyme A

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11
Q

potassium

A

required by enzyme for activity

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12
Q

magnesium

A
  1. stabilizes ribosomes, membrane and nucleic acids

2. required for many enzymes

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13
Q

calcium

A
  1. helps stabilize cell walls in microbes

2. plays key role in heat stability of endospores

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14
Q

sodium

A

required by some microbes

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15
Q

iron

A
  1. key component of cytochromes and FeS proteins involved in electron transport
  2. anoxic conditions –> ferrous (Fe2+) form, exists as insoluble materials
  3. oxic conditions –> ferric (Fe3+) form, exists as insoluble minerals
  4. cells produce siderophores to obtain iron from insoluble mineral form
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16
Q

siderophores

A

iron binding agents

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17
Q

growth factors

A

organic compounds require in small amounts by certain organisms (vitamins, aa, purines, pyrimidines)

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18
Q

vitamins

A

most commonly required growth factor, function as coenzyme

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19
Q

culture media

A

nutrient solutions used to grow microbes in lab

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20
Q

defined media

A

precise chemical composition is known

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21
Q

complex media

A

composed of digests of chemically undefined substances (yeast, meat extracts)

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22
Q

selective media

A

contains compounds that selectively inhabit growth of some microbes but not others

23
Q

differential media

A

contains indicator (dye) that detects particular chemical rxns during growth

24
Q

pure culture

A

culture containing only a single kind of microbe

25
Q

contaminants

A

unwanted organisms in culture

26
Q

cells can be grown in _______ or _______

A

liquid, solid culture media

27
Q

pure culture technique

A

streak plate, pour plate, spread plate

28
Q

free energy

A

energy released that is available to do work

29
Q

delta G

A

change in free energy during a rxn

30
Q

exergonic

A

reactions w/ negative delta G

31
Q

endergonic

A

reactions w/ positive delta G

32
Q

free energy of formation

A

energy released or required during formation of given molecule from elements

33
Q

activation energy

A

energy required to bring all molecules in a chemical reaction into reactive state

34
Q

catalyst

A

substance that lower activation energy of reaction, increases reaction rate, does not affect energetics or equilibrium of reaction

35
Q

redox reactions

A

oxidation-reduction

36
Q

energy from redox rxns is used in synthesis of _______

A

energy-rich compounds

37
Q

electron donor

A

substance oxidized in redox reaction

38
Q

electron acceptor

A

substance reduced in redox reaction

39
Q

two classes of electron carriers

A

prosthetic groups, coenzymes

40
Q

prosthetic groups

A

attached to enzymes

41
Q

coenzymes

A

diffusable (NAD+, NADP)

42
Q

_______ and _______ facilitate redox rxns without being consumed, they are recycled

A

NAD+, NADH

43
Q

chemical energy released in redox rxns primarily stored in certain _______

A

phosphorylated compounds (ATP, phosphoenolpyruvate, glucose 6-phosphate)

44
Q

long term energy storage involves insoluble polymers that can b oxidized to generate _______

A

ATP (glycogen, sulfur in prokaryotes; starch and lipids in eukaryotes)

45
Q

two reaction series linked in energy conservation in chemoorganotrophs

A

fermentation, respiration

46
Q

fermentation

A

substrate-level phosphorylation; ATP directly synthesized from energy-rich intermediate

47
Q

respiration

A

oxidative phosphorylation; ATP produced from proton motive force by transport of electrons

48
Q

glycolysis (embden-meyerhof)

A

common pathway for catabolism of glucose, anaeorbic process, three stages

49
Q

glycolysis

A

glucose consumed, two ATPs produced, fermentation products generated (some harnessed by humans for consumption)

50
Q

aerobic respiration

A

oxidation using O2 as terminal electron acceptor, higher ATP yield than fermentations

51
Q

electron transport system

A

membrane associated, medicate transfer of electrons, conserve some energy released during transfer and use it to synthesize ATP, redox enzymes are involved in electron transport

52
Q

NADH dehydrogenases

A

proteins bound to inside surface of cytoplasmic membrane; active site binds NADH and accepts 2 electrons and 2 protons that are passed to flavoproteins

53
Q

flavoproteins

A

contains flavin prosthetic group that accepts 2 electrons and 2 protons and donated electrons to next protein in chain

54
Q

cytochromes

A

proteins contain heme prosthetic groups, accept and donate a single electron via the iron atom in heme

Microbiology 310 (4 decks)

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