Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Microbiology 310 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

morphology

A
  1. cell shape

2. does not predict physiology, ecology, phylogeny of a prokaryotic cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

major cell morphologies

A
  1. coccus
  2. rod
  3. spirillum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

coccus

A

spherical or ovoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

rod

A

cylindrical shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

spirillum

A

spiral shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

cells w/ unusual shapes

A

spirochetes, appendaged bacteria, filamentous bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

selective forces involved in setting up of morphology

A
  1. optimization for nutrient uptake (small cells w/ high surface to volume ratio)
  2. swimming motility in viscous environments or near surfaces (helical or spiral shaped)
  3. gliding motility (filamentous bacteria)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

size range for prokaryotes

A

0.2 micrometers to >700 micrometers in diameter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Rod-shaped bacteria between _______ and _______

A

0.5 and 4.0 micrometer wide, <15 micrometers long

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

examples of large prokaryotes

A

e. fisheloni, t. namibiensis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

size range for eukaryotes

A

10 to >200 micrometers in diameter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

advantages to being small

A
  1. small cells have more surface area relative to cell volume than large cells
  2. support greater nutrient exchange per unit cell volume
  3. tend to grow faster than larger cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

lower limits of cell size

A

cellular organisms <0.15 um are unlikely, open oceans tend to contain small cells (0.2-0.4 um in diameter)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

cytoplasmic membrane

A
  1. thin structure surrounding cell
  2. vital barrier between cytoplasm and environment
  3. highly selective permeable barrier
  4. enables concentration of metabolites and waste products
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

composition of membranes

A
  1. phospholipid bilayer
  2. can exist in many chemical forms as a result of variation in groups attached to glycerol backbone
  3. fatty acids point inward to form hydrophobic environment
  4. hydrophilic portions remain exposed to external environment or cytoplasm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

cytoplasmic membrane components

A
  1. 6-8 nm wide
  2. embedded proteins
  3. stabilized by h bonds and hydrophobic rxns
  4. mg2+ and ca2+ help stabilize membrane by formation of ionic bonds with negative charges on phospholipids
  5. somewhat fluid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

outer surface of plasma membrane can…

A

interact w/ protein that bind substrates OR process large molecules for transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

inner surface of plasma membrane can…

A

interact w/ proteins involved in energy-yielding reactions and other important cellular functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

integral membrane proteins

A

firmly embedded in membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

peripheral membrane proteins

A

one portion anchored in membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

membrane strengthening agens

A
  1. sterols

2. hopanoids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

sterols

A

rigid, planar lipids found in eukaryotic membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

hopanoids

A

structurally similar to sterols, present in bacterial membranes

24
Q

cytoplasmic membrane functions

A
  1. permeability barrier (polar and charged molecules must be transported; transport proteins accumulate solutes against concentration gradient)
  2. protein anchor (holds transport proteins in place)
  3. energy conservation
25
Q

3 classes of carrier-mediated transport systems in prokaryotes

A
  1. simple (driven by proton motive force energy)
  2. group translocation (chemical modification of transported substance driven by phophoenolpyruvate)
  3. ABC system (periplasmic binding)
    * * ALL REQUIRE PROTEINS AND ENERGY IN SOME FORM (proton motive force or ATP)
26
Q

peptidoglycan

A
  1. rigid layer providing strength to cell wall of bacteria
  2. polysaccharide composed of N-acetylglucosamine and acid, amino acids, lysine or DAP, cross-linked differently in gram negative bacteria and gram positive bacteria
27
Q

gram positive cell walls

A
  1. contain up to 90% peptidoglycan
  2. common to have teichoic acids embedded in cell wall
  3. lipoteichoic acids - teichoic acids covalently bound to membrane lipids
28
Q

prokaryotes lacking cell walls

A

mycoplasmas (bacteria), thermoplasma (archaea)

29
Q

gram negative cell walls

A
  1. 10% peptidoglycan

2. most of cell wall composed of outer membrane (LPS layer)

30
Q

LPS

A
  1. consist of core polysaccharide and 0-polysaccharide
  2. LPS replaces most of phospholipids in outer half of outer membrane
  3. endotoxin - toxic portion of LPS
31
Q

porins

A

channels for movement of hydrophilic low-molecular weight substances

32
Q

periplasm

A
  1. space located between cytoplasmic and outer membranes
  2. 12 nm wide
  3. contents have gel-like consistency
  4. houses many proteins
33
Q

structural differences between cell walls of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria are responsible for _______

A

differences in gram stain rxn

34
Q

archaea cell walls

A
  1. no peptidoglycan
  2. no outer membrane
  3. pseudomuerin
  4. cells walls of some lack pseudomuerin
  5. s-layers
35
Q

pseudomuerin

A
  1. polysaccharide similar to peptidoglycan
  2. composed of n-acetylglucosamine and acid
  3. found in cell calls of methanogic archaea
36
Q

s layers

A
  1. most common cell wall type among archaea
  2. consist of protein or glycoprotein
  3. paracrystalline structure
37
Q

carbon storage polymers

A
  1. poly-beta0hydroxybutyric acid, lipid

2. glycogen, glucose polymer

38
Q

polyphosphates

A

accumulations of inorganic phosphate

39
Q

sulfur globules

A

composed of elemental sulfur

40
Q

magnetosomes

A

magnetic storage inclusions

41
Q

gas vesicles

A
  1. confer buoyancy in planktonic cells
  2. spindle-shaped, gas-filled structures made of protein
  3. gas vesicle impermeable to water
42
Q

endospores

A
  1. highly differentiated cells resitant to heat, harsh chemicals and radiation
  2. dormant stage of bacterial life cycle
  3. ideal for dispersal via wind, water or animal guy
  4. only present in some gram-positive bacteria
43
Q

endospore structure

A
  1. structurally complex
  2. contains dipicolinic acid
  3. enriched in ca2+
  4. core contains small acid-soluble proteins (SASPs)
44
Q

sporulation process

A

complex series of events, genetically directed

45
Q

flagellum

A
  1. structure that assists in swimming
  2. different arrangements
  3. helical in shape
46
Q

flagellar structure

A
  1. consists of several components
    2 filament composed of flagellin
  2. move by rotation
47
Q

flagellar synthesis

A
  1. several genes required for flagellar synthesis and motility
  2. MS ring made first
  3. other proteins and hook made next
  4. filament grows from tip
48
Q

flagella increase or derease rotational speed in relation to strength of _______

A

the proton motive force

49
Q

differences in swimming motions

A
  1. peritrichously flagellated cells move slowly in a straight line
  2. polarly flagellated cells move more rapidly and typically spin around
50
Q

gliding motility

A
  1. flagella independent
  2. slower and smoother than swimming
  3. movement occurs along axis odf cell
  4. requires surface contact
  5. mechanisms: excretion of polysaccharide slime, type IV pili, gliding specific proteins
51
Q

taxes

A

directed movement in response to chemical or physical gradients

52
Q

chemotaxis

A
  1. response to chemicals
  2. best studied in E. coli
  3. bacteria respond to temporal, not spatial difference in chemical concentration
  4. “run and tumble” behavior
  5. attractants and receptors sensed by chemoreceptors
53
Q

phototaxis

A

response to light

54
Q

aerotaxis

A

response to oxygen

55
Q

osmotaxis

A

response to ionic strength

56
Q

hydrotaxis

A

response to water

Microbiology 310 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions