Chapter 4

Question 1

What is an Arrhenius Acid?

Answer 1

An Arrhenius acid is a substance that produces H⁺ (H₃O⁺) in water.

Example: HCl + H₂O → H₃O⁺ + Cl^-

Question 2

What is an Arrhenius base?

Answer 2

An Arrhenius base is a substance that produces OH^- in water.

Example: NH₃ + H₂O ⇔ NH₄⁺ + OH^-

Question 3

What is a Brønsted acid?

Answer 3

A Brønsted acid is a proton donor. A Brønsted acid must contain at least one ionizable proton!

Question 4

What is a Brønsted base?

Answer 4

A Brønsted acid is a proton acceptor.

Question 5

What is a monoprotic acid?

Answer 5

A monoprotic acid is an acid that donates only one proton or hydrogen atom per molecule to an aqueous solution.

Examples: HCl, HNO₃

Question 6

What is a diprotic acid?

Answer 6

A diprotic acid is an acid that has two protons or hydrogen atoms per molecule to donate to an aqueous solution.

Example: H₂SO₄

Question 7

What is a triprotic acid?

Answer 7

A triprotic acid is an acid that has three protons or hydrogen atoms per molecule to donate to an aqueous solution.

Example: H₃PO₄

Question 8

What is a neutralization reaction?

Answer 8

A neutralization reaction is a reaction in which acid and base are reacted together resulting in salt and water.

Question 9

What does an oxidation half reaction involve?

Answer 9

Losing electrons.

Question 10

What does a reduction half reaction involve?

Answer 10

Gain electrons.

Question 11

What is a combination reaction?

Answer 11

Two or more substances combining to make one compound.

Question 12

What is a decomposition reaction?

Answer 12

The breakdown of a substance into two or more components.

Question 13

What is a combustion reaction?

Answer 13

A substance reacting with oxygen and usually producing heat or light.

Question 14

What is a displacement reaction?

Answer 14

A reaction in which an atom (or ion) in a compound is replaced by another atom (or ion) of a different element.

Question 15

What is a disproportionate reaction?

Answer 15

A disproportionate reaction involves an element becoming simultaneously oxidized and reduced.

Question 16

What is concentration?

Answer 16

The concentration of a solution is the amount of solute present in a given quantity of solvent or solution.

Question 17

What is dilution?

Answer 17

Dilution is the process of preparing a less concentrated solution from a more concentrated solution.

Question 18

What is gravimetric analysis?

Answer 18

Gravimetric analysis is the identifying of an unknown substance by dissolving it in water and reacting it with a known substance to form a precipitate, which is then filtered, dried, and weighed. This chemical formula and mass of the precipitate to make discoveries about the unknown ion.

Question 19

What is titration?

Answer 19

Titration is the process of gradually adding a solution of accurately known concentration to another solution of unknown concentration until the chemical reaction between the two solutions is complete. Titration can be used in the analysis of acid-base reaction and redox reactions.

Question 20

Define equivalence point

Answer 20

The equivalence point is the point at which the reaction is complete (in a titration).

Question 21

Define indicator

Answer 21

An indicator is a substance that changes color at (or near) the equivalence point (in a titration).