Chapter 4 Flashcards
What are the two research methods used in Development
Longitudinal and Cross Sectional
What is the Longitudinal research method
Choose one group of subjects and follow that group over a long period of time
What is the cross sectional research method
Recruit subjects from different ages and divide them into groups based on age and test them all once.
What is continuous development
Development occurs bit by bit, gradual
What is stages or discontinuous development
multiple stages, every stage theres a major change
What is a critical period
When you need to experience certain things to be and to develop properly and gain abilities
What is nature
DNA, genes, heredity
What is nurture
All other factors that have nothing to do with DNA
What are epigenetic changes
Factors in environment that are going to influence gene expression
Where is fertilization most likely to take place
Fallopian tubes
What is the Gestation period
Duration of pregnancy
What are the 3 stages of birth
Germinal, Embryonic, Fetal
How long does the germinal stage last
10-14 days
What is an ectopic pregnancy
When the baby grows in the fallopian tubes and not the uterus
How long does the embryonic stage last
Week 3-8
What happens in the embryonic stage
Placenta forms, brain starts to form, arms and legs start to develop
How long is the Fetal stage
Week 9-end of pregnancy
What happens in Fetal stage
muscles get stronger, bones solidify, sulci and gyri develop
What is sulci
grooves in the brain
What is gyri
bumps in the brain
Are babies underestimated by parents and medical doctors, if so why
They think they are nothing but flesh and skin but they are actually attentive and pay super good attention, can recognize faces
What are the methods of studies used on babies
brain waves, sucking responses, orienting reflex, habituation
What is a schema
Mental representation of someone or something
What is assimilation (Schema)
If info is the same we will absorb it into the schema without changing anything
What is accomadation (Schema)
new experiences that are different from our schema, we have to change or create a new schema so we can make the new info fit in the schema
What is equilibration (Schema)
when what is in the real world fits our schema
What is disequilibration
when what is in our schema does not fit in the world
What are the 4 stages of development
Sensorymotor, Preoperational, Concrete operational, formal operational
How long does sensory motor stage last
0-2 years old
What happens in sensory motor stage
baby uses senses and motor skills to learn
How long does preoperational stage last
2 years old - 7 yo
What happens in preoperational stage
Animism, Symbolism, literal thinking, egocentrism
Do children have major limitations in the preoperational stage
Yes, they can do 3+2 but cant do 2+3
How long does concrete operational stage last
7-12 years old
What happens in concrete operational stage
Perform mental operations, understand conversation, go through major transformative principles
What are the major transformative principles
identity, compensation, and inversion
How long does the formal operational stage last
12 y/o and up
What happens in formal operational stage
more sophistacated thinking, self talk, scaffolding
Are attachment bonds to caregivers essential?
Yes
Insecure resistant is what
baby is uncomfy and want to stick to mom, when stranger leaves he’s distressed and is angry with mom for leaving
Insecure avoidant is what
he is indifferent to mother or stranger, when she comes back he ignores her
insecure disorganised is what
He uses resistant and avoidant style, when mom comes back he goes to her but then turns around
What stage do we enter when in adolescence, 1, 2, 3 or 4?
4
According to Kholberg, what are the 3 stages of moral development
Preconventional, Conventional and Postconventional
What is preconventional moral
self interest, any action that benifits moral
What is convetional moral
What guides moral action are the rules, values, regulations
What is postconventional moral
Personal values are moral, anything else is immoral
What are the different types of identities
Identity diffusion, foreclosed identity, psychosocial moratorium and identity achievement
What is identity diffusion
confusion, do not try and explore different ones
What is foreclosed identity
do not take the time to explore, adapt for ourselves and do what our family wants us to do.
What is psychosocial moratorium
Exploring a variety of identities goals and values, do not commit to any
What is identity achievement
choose one identity and stick to it
What is the importance of peers
Babies who have postitive interactions with others tend to be more popular and have easier access to groups and friends
What does dimentia kill
neurons
What type of neurons are the first ones killed
Acetylcholine
What are tangles
form inside neuron and kill neuron on the inside
What are plaques
form outside neuron and kill neuron from outside
Do womans brains shrink faster and earlier
no, mens do
What is the wisdom paradox
Cognitive functions but the brain is wiser when you are older
