Chapter 4 Flashcards
Alternative Fact
A statement that can be proved to be false
Cultural Homogenization
The process of reduction in cultural diversity through the diffusion of popular culture
Custom
A frequent repetition of an act, to the extent that it becomes characteristic of the group of people preforming the act
Cyber Espionage
The unauthorized and clandestine deployment of a virus to observe or destroy data in the computer systems of government agencies and large corporations
Fake News
A false report disseminated under the guise of an authentic news report, created to maliciously spread misinformation and mislead consumers of the content
Folk Culture
Culture traditionally practiced by a small, homogeneous, rural group living in relative isolation from other groups.
Franchise
An agreement between a corporation and buisness people to marketthe cooperations products in a totall area
Habit
A repetitive act performed by a particular individual
Malware
Hostile or intrusive software designed to cause intentional harm
Popular Culture
Culture found in a large heterogeneous society that share certain habits despite differences in other personal characteristics
Ransomware
A form of Malware that encrypts the victims files, making them inaccessible, until a ransom is paid to decrypt them
Taboo
A restriction of behavior imposed by social contagion
Terroir
The contributed of a locations distinctive physical features to the way food tastes
Trolling
The practice of posting elaborately inflammatory, extraneous or off topic messages in social media in order to provoke quarrels or otherwise agitate people
State
The largest political unit, the formal term for a country.
Multinational State
A country with multiple culture groups or multiple ethnic groups under a single government.
Autonomous Region
A defined area within a state that has a high degree of self-government and freedom from its parent state
Multistate Nation
When a nation has a state of its own but stretches across borders of other states
Nationalism
A nation’s desire to create and maintain a state of its own.
Centripetal Forces
Forces that pull people together
Centrifugal Forces
Forces that cause people to FIGHT
Imperialism
The practice of a country extending its power and influence over other countries
Colonialism
People move into and settle on the land of another country. (type of imperialism)
Berlin Conference
(aka the congo conference)
Decolonization
A process by which colonies become independent of the colonizing country.
Neocolonialism
The control of less-developed countries by developed countries through indirect means.
Genocide
Mass, organized killing, in which people are targeted because of their race, religion, ethnicity, or nationality.
Cold War
A state of political and military tension after World War II between powers in the Western Bloc and powers in the Eastern Bloc
Statelite State
A state dominated by another state politically and economically
Ethnic Cleansing
When a people group commits mass expulsion or mass killing of a particular ethnic group
Sovereignty
The power of a political unit to rule over its own affairs
Nation State
A state where the people are largely of the same ethnicity and shared heritage/culture
Stateless Nation
An ethnic group or nation that does not possess its own state and is not the majority population in any nation state
Largest ruled countries in order of Landmass
Russia, Canada, China, USA, then Brazil
Nations
A culturally defined group with the same past and similar goals in the future
Territoriality
The connection of people, their culture, and their economic systems to the land
Geometric boundary
Straight lines as boundaries, often set by an agreement of (normally) 2 countries
Relic boundary
Historical boundary that is not there anymore but still have an impact (Berlin Wall is an example)
Superimposed boundary
Boundary that does not take ethnicity or history into account, normally lead to conflict
Subsequent boundary
boundaries developed with the cultural landscape
Antecedent Boundary
Boundary established before human landscape, often physical boundaries
Consequent Boundary
Boundaries drawn to accommodate ethnicity or culture
Frontier
A zone where no state exercises complete political control.
Physical boundaries
Significant features of the natural landscape
Cultural boundary
Follow the distribution of cultural characteristics
Compact state
The distance from center to boundary does not vary much at all, similar to a circle. Communication within the state is easier
Elongated state
Long and narrow, can lead to poor communication within a state
Prorupted state
An otherwise fairly compact state with a large projecting extension. Projection is usually for access to resources, to separate two states, or to separate ethnic groups
Perforated state
A state that completely surrounds another one. The inside state will rely completely on the surrounding state for importing and exporting
Fragmented state
Several separate pieces of territory. Can be separated by a physical feature (water), or another state (intervening state)
Landlocked state
No direct access to the ocean, no coast. This can lead to a lack of resources in a state, as much of modern trade is through ports.
Wasted vote
Spreads opposition across many districts, keeping them in the minority
Wasted vote: spreads opposition across many districts, keeping them in the minority
Excess vote
Concentrates opposition supporters into a few districts
Stacked vote
Links areas of like minded voters through oddly shaped boundaries
Unitary state
A central government (main government holds all legitimate power
Federal state
Allocates strong power to units of local gov within a country
Shatterbelt
A region caught between stronger colliding (external) forces and that breaks apart because of the aggressive rivals causing the state to be politically unstable
Devolution
The breakup of a state or the process in which regions within a state grow in power at the expense of a government
Balkanization
Process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities, so not all devolution is balkanization, but balkanization is always devolution
Supranationalism
Political, economic, and/or cultural cooperation among national states to promote shared objectives
Race
Identity with a group that share a biological ancestor (skin color)
Ethnicity
A common cultural identity with a group of people with the same homeland or hearth
Chokepoint
geographic locations where the flow of people and goods can be constricted and choked off in the event of a conflict
Apartheid
South Africa’s segregation between white and black people 1990-1994
democratization
the spread of representative government to more countries and the process of making governments more representative
irridentism
A political movement that intends to reunite a nation or reclaim a lost territory.
ethnic enclave
A place with a high concentration of an ethnic group that is distinct from those in the surrounding area
ethnic separatism
When minority’s fight for independence
ethnoburb
A suburban area with a cluster of a particular ethnic population
ethnonationalism
nationalism that regard ethnicity and ethnic ties as core components of conceptions and experiences of the “nation”
exclave
a territorial state that is separated by another state but belongs to one state
exclusive economic zone
a sea zone over which a state has special rights over the exploration and use of marine resources
failed state
a state within which the government has lost the ability to provide the most basic of public services.
federal state
A country where governmental authority is shared among a central government and various other smaller, regional authorities
forward capital
a symbolically relocated capital city usually because of either economic or strategic reasons
multi-ethnic state
A state that contains more than one ethnicity
nationality
Identity with group sharing legal attachment to a particular country (ex. American)
quasi-state
a political entity that does not represent a fully institutionalised or autonomous sovereign state.
