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AP Human Geography > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Alternative Fact

A

A statement that can be proved to be false

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2
Q

Cultural Homogenization

A

The process of reduction in cultural diversity through the diffusion of popular culture

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3
Q

Custom

A

A frequent repetition of an act, to the extent that it becomes characteristic of the group of people preforming the act

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4
Q

Cyber Espionage

A

The unauthorized and clandestine deployment of a virus to observe or destroy data in the computer systems of government agencies and large corporations

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5
Q

Fake News

A

A false report disseminated under the guise of an authentic news report, created to maliciously spread misinformation and mislead consumers of the content

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6
Q

Folk Culture

A

Culture traditionally practiced by a small, homogeneous, rural group living in relative isolation from other groups.

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7
Q

Franchise

A

An agreement between a corporation and buisness people to marketthe cooperations products in a totall area

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8
Q

Habit

A

A repetitive act performed by a particular individual

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9
Q

Malware

A

Hostile or intrusive software designed to cause intentional harm

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10
Q

Popular Culture

A

Culture found in a large heterogeneous society that share certain habits despite differences in other personal characteristics

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11
Q

Ransomware

A

A form of Malware that encrypts the victims files, making them inaccessible, until a ransom is paid to decrypt them

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12
Q

Taboo

A

A restriction of behavior imposed by social contagion

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13
Q

Terroir

A

The contributed of a locations distinctive physical features to the way food tastes

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14
Q

Trolling

A

The practice of posting elaborately inflammatory, extraneous or off topic messages in social media in order to provoke quarrels or otherwise agitate people

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15
Q

State

A

The largest political unit, the formal term for a country.

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16
Q

Multinational State

A

A country with multiple culture groups or multiple ethnic groups under a single government.

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17
Q

Autonomous Region

A

A defined area within a state that has a high degree of self-government and freedom from its parent state

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18
Q

Multistate Nation

A

When a nation has a state of its own but stretches across borders of other states

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19
Q

Nationalism

A

A nation’s desire to create and maintain a state of its own.

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20
Q

Centripetal Forces

A

Forces that pull people together

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21
Q

Centrifugal Forces

A

Forces that cause people to FIGHT

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22
Q

Imperialism

A

The practice of a country extending its power and influence over other countries

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23
Q

Colonialism

A

People move into and settle on the land of another country. (type of imperialism)

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24
Q

Berlin Conference

A

(aka the congo conference)

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25
Q

Decolonization

A

A process by which colonies become independent of the colonizing country.

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26
Q

Neocolonialism

A

The control of less-developed countries by developed countries through indirect means.

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27
Q

Genocide

A

Mass, organized killing, in which people are targeted because of their race, religion, ethnicity, or nationality.

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28
Q

Cold War

A

A state of political and military tension after World War II between powers in the Western Bloc and powers in the Eastern Bloc

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29
Q

Statelite State

A

A state dominated by another state politically and economically

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30
Q

Ethnic Cleansing

A

When a people group commits mass expulsion or mass killing of a particular ethnic group

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31
Q

Sovereignty

A

The power of a political unit to rule over its own affairs

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32
Q

Nation State

A

A state where the people are largely of the same ethnicity and shared heritage/culture

33
Q

Stateless Nation

A

An ethnic group or nation that does not possess its own state and is not the majority population in any nation state

34
Q

Largest ruled countries in order of Landmass

A

Russia, Canada, China, USA, then Brazil

35
Q

Nations

A

A culturally defined group with the same past and similar goals in the future

36
Q

Territoriality

A

The connection of people, their culture, and their economic systems to the land

37
Q

Geometric boundary

A

Straight lines as boundaries, often set by an agreement of (normally) 2 countries

38
Q

Relic boundary

A

Historical boundary that is not there anymore but still have an impact (Berlin Wall is an example)

39
Q

Superimposed boundary

A

Boundary that does not take ethnicity or history into account, normally lead to conflict

40
Q

Subsequent boundary

A

boundaries developed with the cultural landscape

41
Q

Antecedent Boundary

A

Boundary established before human landscape, often physical boundaries

42
Q

Consequent Boundary

A

Boundaries drawn to accommodate ethnicity or culture

43
Q

Frontier

A

A zone where no state exercises complete political control.

44
Q

Physical boundaries

A

Significant features of the natural landscape

45
Q

Cultural boundary

A

Follow the distribution of cultural characteristics

46
Q

Compact state

A

The distance from center to boundary does not vary much at all, similar to a circle. Communication within the state is easier

47
Q

Elongated state

A

Long and narrow, can lead to poor communication within a state

48
Q

Prorupted state

A

An otherwise fairly compact state with a large projecting extension. Projection is usually for access to resources, to separate two states, or to separate ethnic groups

49
Q

Perforated state

A

A state that completely surrounds another one. The inside state will rely completely on the surrounding state for importing and exporting

50
Q

Fragmented state

A

Several separate pieces of territory. Can be separated by a physical feature (water), or another state (intervening state)

51
Q

Landlocked state

A

No direct access to the ocean, no coast. This can lead to a lack of resources in a state, as much of modern trade is through ports.

52
Q

Wasted vote

A

Spreads opposition across many districts, keeping them in the minority
Wasted vote: spreads opposition across many districts, keeping them in the minority

53
Q

Excess vote

A

Concentrates opposition supporters into a few districts

54
Q

Stacked vote

A

Links areas of like minded voters through oddly shaped boundaries

55
Q

Unitary state

A

A central government (main government holds all legitimate power

56
Q

Federal state

A

Allocates strong power to units of local gov within a country

57
Q

Shatterbelt

A

A region caught between stronger colliding (external) forces and that breaks apart because of the aggressive rivals causing the state to be politically unstable

58
Q

Devolution

A

The breakup of a state or the process in which regions within a state grow in power at the expense of a government

59
Q

Balkanization

A

Process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities, so not all devolution is balkanization, but balkanization is always devolution

60
Q

Supranationalism

A

Political, economic, and/or cultural cooperation among national states to promote shared objectives

61
Q

Race

A

Identity with a group that share a biological ancestor (skin color)

62
Q

Ethnicity

A

A common cultural identity with a group of people with the same homeland or hearth

63
Q

Chokepoint

A

geographic locations where the flow of people and goods can be constricted and choked off in the event of a conflict

64
Q

Apartheid

A

South Africa’s segregation between white and black people 1990-1994

65
Q

democratization

A

the spread of representative government to more countries and the process of making governments more representative

66
Q

irridentism

A

A political movement that intends to reunite a nation or reclaim a lost territory.

67
Q

ethnic enclave

A

A place with a high concentration of an ethnic group that is distinct from those in the surrounding area

68
Q

ethnic separatism

A

When minority’s fight for independence

69
Q

ethnoburb

A

A suburban area with a cluster of a particular ethnic population

70
Q

ethnonationalism

A

nationalism that regard ethnicity and ethnic ties as core components of conceptions and experiences of the “nation”

71
Q

exclave

A

a territorial state that is separated by another state but belongs to one state

72
Q

exclusive economic zone

A

a sea zone over which a state has special rights over the exploration and use of marine resources

73
Q

failed state

A

a state within which the government has lost the ability to provide the most basic of public services.

74
Q

federal state

A

A country where governmental authority is shared among a central government and various other smaller, regional authorities

75
Q

forward capital

A

a symbolically relocated capital city usually because of either economic or strategic reasons

76
Q

multi-ethnic state

A

A state that contains more than one ethnicity

77
Q

nationality

A

Identity with group sharing legal attachment to a particular country (ex. American)

78
Q

quasi-state

A

a political entity that does not represent a fully institutionalised or autonomous sovereign state.

AP Human Geography (4 decks)

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