Chapter 3 Flashcards
Cultural geography
Is the study of the many cultural aspects found throughout the world and how they relate to the spaces and places where they originate and then travel as people continually move across various areas.
Folk Culture
A culture traditionally practiced by a small, homogeneous, rural group living in relative isolation from other groups.
Popular Culture
Culture based on the tastes of ordinary people rather than an educated elite
Cultural systems
A cultural system is a collection of interacting components that shape a group’s collective identity, and includes traits, territorial affiliation, and shared history.
Cultural landscape
The visible human imprint on the landscape caused by human activity.
Placelessness
The loss of uniqueness in a cultural landscape
Attributes of cultural landscapes
These can have uniform traditions or customs.
Material Culture
The things a group of people construct.
Place
The uniqueness of a location, what people do in a location, what they create, and how they create an imprint on that location.
Non material Culture
The beliefs, practices, aesthetics, and values of a group of people.
Language
A set of sounds, combinations of sounds, and symbols that are used to communicate with others.
Language Divergence
When a lack of spatial interaction among speakers of a language breaks the language into dialects and then new languages.
Language Convergence
When peoples with different languages have consistent spatial interaction and their languages collapse into one.
Dialect
Variants of a standard language along regional or ethnic lines.
Isoglass
A geographic boundary within which a particular linguistic feature occurs.
Lingua Franca
A common bridge language that is spoken by two parties who have different native tongues.
Pidgin
A language that borrows from many languages – it is a hybrid that works for all people in an area
Creole
a pidgin that becomes the primary language
Toponymy
the study of place names
Spatial diffusion
The way that things spread through space and time
Expansion Diffusion
spreading outward from hearth
Contagious Diffusion
Spreads from a center outwards - like a disease being spread from person to person away from its origin or ripples from a stone thrown into a pond
Hierarchical Diffusion
Diffusion that follows a chain or hierarchy of places
Stimulus Diffusion
Spread of an underlying principle or idea, even though some characteristics have failed. A trend is adopted, but certain practices are changed to fit the culture which adopts it.
Relocation Diffusion
Spread of something carried by the physical movement of people from one place to another
Hearth
the source of an idea, crop, artifact, etc is diffused from to other areas
Hinterland
the area around a city or town, usually where only a few people live
Expansion of states
This event led to the diffusion of culture, religion, and just overall aspects of a society.
Universalizing religions
religions that actively try to seek out new members to convert
Ethnic religions
don’t actively seek out converts and generally stay to themselves
Syncretism
When two cultures merge creating a new one
Ethnic enclaves
These can form when you have relocation diffusion in a region or even chain migration.
Epidemiological effects
Many don’t think of this, but contagious diffusion could be the spread of a virus or disease. Thus, these forms of diffusion can cause people to get sick and die, or cause economic decline.
Asylum Seeker
Someone who has migrated to another country in hope of being recognized as a refugee. Pg 95
Brain Drain
Large-scale emigration by talented people. Pg 104
Circular Migration
The temporary movement of migrant worker between home and host countries to seek employment. Pg 108
Circulation
Short-term, repetitive, or cyclical movements that recur on a regular basis. Pg 80
Counterurbanization
Net migration from urban to rural areas in developing countries. Pg 93
Emigration
Migration from a location. Pg 84
Family based Migration
Migration of people to specific location because relatives previously migrated there Pg 104
Floodplain
The area subject to flooding during a given number of years, according to historical trends. Pg 96
Forced Migration
Permanent movement, compelled by cultural or environmental factors Pg 82
Guest Worker
A term once used for a worker who migrated to the developed countries of Northern and Western Europe, usually from Southern and Eastern Europe or from North Africa in search of a higher-paying job Pg 108
Immigration
Migration to a new location Pg 84
Internal Migration
Permanent movement within a particular country
Internally displaced Person (IDP)
Someone who has been force to migrate for similar political reasons as a refugee but has not migrated across the border Pg 95
International Migration
Permanent movement from one country to another Pg 82
Interregional Migration
Permanent movement from one region of a country to another Pg 83
Intervening Obstacle
An environment or cultural feature of the landscape that hinders migration Pg 94
Intraregional Migration
Permanent movement within one region of a country Pg 83
Migration
A form of relocation diffusion involving a permanent move to a new location Pg 80
Migration transition
A change in the migration pattern in a society that results from industrialization, population growth, and other social and economic changes that also produce demographic transition. Pg 81
Mobility
All types of movement between locations Pg 80
Net Migration
The difference between the level of immigration and the level of emigration Pg 84
Pull factor
A factor that induces people to move to a new location Pg 94
Push factor
A factor that induces people to leave old locations Pg 94
Quota
In reference to migration, a law that places maximum limits on the number of people who can immigrate to a country each year Pg 104
Refugees
People who are forced to migrate from their home country and cannot return for fear of persecution because of their race, religion, nationality, membership in a social group, or political opinion Pg 95
Remittance
Transfer of money by workers to people in the country from which they emigrated Pg 99
Step Migration
Migration that follows a path of a series of stages or steps toward a final destination Pg 94
Unauthorized Immigrant
A person who enters a country without proper documents to do so Pg 103
Voluntary Migration
Permanent movement undertaken by choice Pg 82
Ethnicity
Membership in a group of people who share characteristics such as ancestry, language, customs, history, and common experiences
Nationality
Identity with group sharing legal attachment to a particular country (ex. American)
Culture Hearth
The source or origin where a religion or ethnicity began
Fundamentalism
An attempt to follow a literal interpretation of religious faith
Theocraies
Countries whose governments are run by religious leaders through the use of religious laws
Sharia
The Islamic legal framework for a country
Neolacalism
The process of re-embracing the uniqueness and authenticity of a place
Monotheistic
Only having one god
Caste System
A rigid class structure that shaped Indian society
Karma
The idea that behaviors have consequences in the present life or future life.
Universal Religion
Actively seeks to convert to its faith regardless of ethnic backgrounds
Pilgrimage
A religious journey taken by a person to a sacred place of their religion
Diaspora
The name given to a community of people who are dispersed throughout the world, but retain their cultural, religious, or ethnic differences.
Charter Group
The first group to establish cultural and religious customs in a space
Ethnic Island
An area predominantly populated by a single ethnicity
Sequent Occupance
A process geographers use that creates new cultural imprints on the landscape
Polytheistic
The belief in multiple gods
Animism
The belief that non living objects have a spirit
Culture
A groups learned behaviors, actions, beliefs, and objects are a pert of culture
Cultural Trait
Elements (visible and invisible) that are the building blocks of the culture
Cultural Complex
Interrelated cultural traits
Cultural Hearth
The area in which a unique culture or a specific trait develops
Cultural Region
Broad areas where groups share similar but not identical traits
Formal Region
Regions defined by governments or experts
Functional Region
Regions centered around a node
Perceptual Region
How people think about a place, boundaries, are blurred
Cultural Landscape
The visible reflection of culture on land
Ethnic Enclave
Clusters of people of the same culture
Cultural Realm
Larger areas that include several regions
Globalization
The process of intensified interaction among people around the globe (mainly because of internet).
Space-time Compression
Results of revolutions that help shorten the time required for movement and trade
Popular Culture
When cultural traits are quickly spread across a large area spread across multiple groups
Diffusion
The spreading of information, ideas, behaviors and other aspects of culture
Reverse Hierarchical Diffusion
The process of a trait diffusing from lower class to higher class
Acculturation
An immigrant group moving to another area and opting new traits
Assimilation
When an ethnic group can no longer be distinguished from new group
Multiculturism
The coexistence of several cultures in one society
Nativist
Anti-immigrant Attitudes
Sense of Place
Belonging
Taboos
Behavior heavily discourage by culture
Linguist
A scientist that sudies languages
Romance Language
The unifying language of Latin that diverged into distinct regional languages
Indo-European Language Family
A large language group that might all have descended from a language 6,000 years ago
Language Tree
A graph that shows the relationship among language families
Adage
Sayings that attempt to express a truth about life (ex: The early bird gets the worm)
Swahili
A language spoke in East Africa from trade between Arab speaking merchants and Bantu speaking residents
Homogeneous
Made up largely of ethnicities similar people
Official Language
One language designated by law to be the language of goverment
Official Language
One language designated by law to be the language of government
Centripetal Forces
Forces that pull people together
Centrifugal forces
Forces that cause people to FIGHT
Dead Language
No more native speakers; it can still be in use however
Extinct Language
Basically completely gone; result of language death and can not be spoke but read
Gradual Language Death
Speakers of one language come in contact with a language of higher prestige (the most common language death)
Bottom to Top Language Death
Not natively spoken but in certain contexts like religion
Sudden Language Death
Speakers dies as a result of disaster or violence
Radical Language Death
Language death occurs rapidly usually to avoid prosecution
