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AP Human Geography > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Cultural geography

A

Is the study of the many cultural aspects found throughout the world and how they relate to the spaces and places where they originate and then travel as people continually move across various areas.

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2
Q

Folk Culture

A

A culture traditionally practiced by a small, homogeneous, rural group living in relative isolation from other groups.

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3
Q

Popular Culture

A

Culture based on the tastes of ordinary people rather than an educated elite

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4
Q

Cultural systems

A

A cultural system is a collection of interacting components that shape a group’s collective identity, and includes traits, territorial affiliation, and shared history.

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5
Q

Cultural landscape

A

The visible human imprint on the landscape caused by human activity.

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6
Q

Placelessness

A

The loss of uniqueness in a cultural landscape

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7
Q

Attributes of cultural landscapes

A

These can have uniform traditions or customs.

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8
Q

Material Culture

A

The things a group of people construct.

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9
Q

Place

A

The uniqueness of a location, what people do in a location, what they create, and how they create an imprint on that location.

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10
Q

Non material Culture

A

The beliefs, practices, aesthetics, and values of a group of people.

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11
Q

Language

A

A set of sounds, combinations of sounds, and symbols that are used to communicate with others.

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12
Q

Language Divergence

A

When a lack of spatial interaction among speakers of a language breaks the language into dialects and then new languages.

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13
Q

Language Convergence

A

When peoples with different languages have consistent spatial interaction and their languages collapse into one.

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14
Q

Dialect

A

Variants of a standard language along regional or ethnic lines.

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15
Q

Isoglass

A

A geographic boundary within which a particular linguistic feature occurs.

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16
Q

Lingua Franca

A

A common bridge language that is spoken by two parties who have different native tongues.

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17
Q

Pidgin

A

A language that borrows from many languages – it is a hybrid that works for all people in an area

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18
Q

Creole

A

a pidgin that becomes the primary language

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19
Q

Toponymy

A

the study of place names

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20
Q

Spatial diffusion

A

The way that things spread through space and time

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21
Q

Expansion Diffusion

A

spreading outward from hearth

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22
Q

Contagious Diffusion

A

Spreads from a center outwards - like a disease being spread from person to person away from its origin or ripples from a stone thrown into a pond

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23
Q

Hierarchical Diffusion

A

Diffusion that follows a chain or hierarchy of places

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24
Q

Stimulus Diffusion

A

Spread of an underlying principle or idea, even though some characteristics have failed. A trend is adopted, but certain practices are changed to fit the culture which adopts it.

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25
Q

Relocation Diffusion

A

Spread of something carried by the physical movement of people from one place to another

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26
Q

Hearth

A

the source of an idea, crop, artifact, etc is diffused from to other areas

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27
Q

Hinterland

A

the area around a city or town, usually where only a few people live

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28
Q

Expansion of states

A

This event led to the diffusion of culture, religion, and just overall aspects of a society.

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29
Q

Universalizing religions

A

religions that actively try to seek out new members to convert

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30
Q

Ethnic religions

A

don’t actively seek out converts and generally stay to themselves

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31
Q

Syncretism

A

When two cultures merge creating a new one

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32
Q

Ethnic enclaves

A

These can form when you have relocation diffusion in a region or even chain migration.

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33
Q

Epidemiological effects

A

Many don’t think of this, but contagious diffusion could be the spread of a virus or disease. Thus, these forms of diffusion can cause people to get sick and die, or cause economic decline.

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34
Q

Asylum Seeker

A

Someone who has migrated to another country in hope of being recognized as a refugee. Pg 95

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35
Q

Brain Drain

A

Large-scale emigration by talented people. Pg 104

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36
Q

Circular Migration

A

The temporary movement of migrant worker between home and host countries to seek employment. Pg 108

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37
Q

Circulation

A

Short-term, repetitive, or cyclical movements that recur on a regular basis. Pg 80

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38
Q

Counterurbanization

A

Net migration from urban to rural areas in developing countries. Pg 93

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39
Q

Emigration

A

Migration from a location. Pg 84

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40
Q

Family based Migration

A

Migration of people to specific location because relatives previously migrated there Pg 104

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41
Q

Floodplain

A

The area subject to flooding during a given number of years, according to historical trends. Pg 96

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42
Q

Forced Migration

A

Permanent movement, compelled by cultural or environmental factors Pg 82

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43
Q

Guest Worker

A

A term once used for a worker who migrated to the developed countries of Northern and Western Europe, usually from Southern and Eastern Europe or from North Africa in search of a higher-paying job Pg 108

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44
Q

Immigration

A

Migration to a new location Pg 84

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45
Q

Internal Migration

A

Permanent movement within a particular country

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46
Q

Internally displaced Person (IDP)

A

Someone who has been force to migrate for similar political reasons as a refugee but has not migrated across the border Pg 95

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47
Q

International Migration

A

Permanent movement from one country to another Pg 82

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48
Q

Interregional Migration

A

Permanent movement from one region of a country to another Pg 83

49
Q

Intervening Obstacle

A

An environment or cultural feature of the landscape that hinders migration Pg 94

50
Q

Intraregional Migration

A

Permanent movement within one region of a country Pg 83

51
Q

Migration

A

A form of relocation diffusion involving a permanent move to a new location Pg 80

52
Q

Migration transition

A

A change in the migration pattern in a society that results from industrialization, population growth, and other social and economic changes that also produce demographic transition. Pg 81

53
Q

Mobility

A

All types of movement between locations Pg 80

54
Q

Net Migration

A

The difference between the level of immigration and the level of emigration Pg 84

55
Q

Pull factor

A

A factor that induces people to move to a new location Pg 94

56
Q

Push factor

A

A factor that induces people to leave old locations Pg 94

57
Q

Quota

A

In reference to migration, a law that places maximum limits on the number of people who can immigrate to a country each year Pg 104

58
Q

Refugees

A

People who are forced to migrate from their home country and cannot return for fear of persecution because of their race, religion, nationality, membership in a social group, or political opinion Pg 95

59
Q

Remittance

A

Transfer of money by workers to people in the country from which they emigrated Pg 99

60
Q

Step Migration

A

Migration that follows a path of a series of stages or steps toward a final destination Pg 94

61
Q

Unauthorized Immigrant

A

A person who enters a country without proper documents to do so Pg 103

62
Q

Voluntary Migration

A

Permanent movement undertaken by choice Pg 82

63
Q

Ethnicity

A

Membership in a group of people who share characteristics such as ancestry, language, customs, history, and common experiences

64
Q

Nationality

A

Identity with group sharing legal attachment to a particular country (ex. American)

65
Q

Culture Hearth

A

The source or origin where a religion or ethnicity began

66
Q

Fundamentalism

A

An attempt to follow a literal interpretation of religious faith

67
Q

Theocraies

A

Countries whose governments are run by religious leaders through the use of religious laws

68
Q

Sharia

A

The Islamic legal framework for a country

69
Q

Neolacalism

A

The process of re-embracing the uniqueness and authenticity of a place

70
Q

Monotheistic

A

Only having one god

71
Q

Caste System

A

A rigid class structure that shaped Indian society

72
Q

Karma

A

The idea that behaviors have consequences in the present life or future life.

73
Q

Universal Religion

A

Actively seeks to convert to its faith regardless of ethnic backgrounds

74
Q

Pilgrimage

A

A religious journey taken by a person to a sacred place of their religion

75
Q

Diaspora

A

The name given to a community of people who are dispersed throughout the world, but retain their cultural, religious, or ethnic differences.

76
Q

Charter Group

A

The first group to establish cultural and religious customs in a space

77
Q

Ethnic Island

A

An area predominantly populated by a single ethnicity

78
Q

Sequent Occupance

A

A process geographers use that creates new cultural imprints on the landscape

79
Q

Polytheistic

A

The belief in multiple gods

80
Q

Animism

A

The belief that non living objects have a spirit

81
Q

Culture

A

A groups learned behaviors, actions, beliefs, and objects are a pert of culture

82
Q

Cultural Trait

A

Elements (visible and invisible) that are the building blocks of the culture

83
Q

Cultural Complex

A

Interrelated cultural traits

84
Q

Cultural Hearth

A

The area in which a unique culture or a specific trait develops

85
Q

Cultural Region

A

Broad areas where groups share similar but not identical traits

86
Q

Formal Region

A

Regions defined by governments or experts

87
Q

Functional Region

A

Regions centered around a node

88
Q

Perceptual Region

A

How people think about a place, boundaries, are blurred

89
Q

Cultural Landscape

A

The visible reflection of culture on land

90
Q

Ethnic Enclave

A

Clusters of people of the same culture

91
Q

Cultural Realm

A

Larger areas that include several regions

92
Q

Globalization

A

The process of intensified interaction among people around the globe (mainly because of internet).

93
Q

Space-time Compression

A

Results of revolutions that help shorten the time required for movement and trade

94
Q

Popular Culture

A

When cultural traits are quickly spread across a large area spread across multiple groups

95
Q

Diffusion

A

The spreading of information, ideas, behaviors and other aspects of culture

96
Q

Reverse Hierarchical Diffusion

A

The process of a trait diffusing from lower class to higher class

97
Q

Acculturation

A

An immigrant group moving to another area and opting new traits

98
Q

Assimilation

A

When an ethnic group can no longer be distinguished from new group

99
Q

Multiculturism

A

The coexistence of several cultures in one society

100
Q

Nativist

A

Anti-immigrant Attitudes

101
Q

Sense of Place

A

Belonging

102
Q

Taboos

A

Behavior heavily discourage by culture

103
Q

Linguist

A

A scientist that sudies languages

104
Q

Romance Language

A

The unifying language of Latin that diverged into distinct regional languages

105
Q

Indo-European Language Family

A

A large language group that might all have descended from a language 6,000 years ago

106
Q

Language Tree

A

A graph that shows the relationship among language families

107
Q

Adage

A

Sayings that attempt to express a truth about life (ex: The early bird gets the worm)

108
Q

Swahili

A

A language spoke in East Africa from trade between Arab speaking merchants and Bantu speaking residents

109
Q

Homogeneous

A

Made up largely of ethnicities similar people

110
Q

Official Language

A

One language designated by law to be the language of goverment

111
Q

Official Language

A

One language designated by law to be the language of government

112
Q

Centripetal Forces

A

Forces that pull people together

113
Q

Centrifugal forces

A

Forces that cause people to FIGHT

114
Q

Dead Language

A

No more native speakers; it can still be in use however

115
Q

Extinct Language

A

Basically completely gone; result of language death and can not be spoke but read

116
Q

Gradual Language Death

A

Speakers of one language come in contact with a language of higher prestige (the most common language death)

117
Q

Bottom to Top Language Death

A

Not natively spoken but in certain contexts like religion

118
Q

Sudden Language Death

A

Speakers dies as a result of disaster or violence

119
Q

Radical Language Death

A

Language death occurs rapidly usually to avoid prosecution

AP Human Geography (4 decks)

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