Chapter 4 Flashcards
Define evolution
A change in heritable traits in a population over time
What is behaviour?
An organisms actions in response to some stimulus
What is a gene?
A basic unit of heredity; how ‘stuff’ is passed on from parent to offspring
If you ____ something, you usually receive it from an ancestor
inherit
What is a genotype?
A person’s genetic makeup
What is a phenotype?
The observable characteristics due to the genetic makeup
What’s the difference between a genotype and a phenotype?
Genotype - specific genetic makeup (eye colour)
Phenotype - observable characteristics (tanning)
What are chromosomes?
Molecules that carry DNA
Genes code for the production of _____
proteins
If a gene pair is _____, the characteristic it controls will be displayed
dominant
If a gene in a pair is ____, the characteristic will not show up unless the partner gene is also ____
recessive; recessive
What is an allele?
Alternative from of the gene you can inherit
What is epigenetics?
Lasting changes in gene expression during development that are not caused by the genes themselves; activation/deactivation of certain genes
What is the recombinant DNA procedure?
1) Use enzymes to cut DNA into pieces
2) Combine with DNA of another organism
3) Insert combined DNA into host cell
What procedure has been used to produce human growth hormones and vaccines?
Recombinant DNA Procedure
What does the gene knockout procedure do?
Alter a specific gene so it cannot function
What are some problems associated with the Gene Knockout Procedure?
Few behaviours linked to single genes; multiple genes and systems can be involved
What is CRISPR?
A way to edit genes in organisms efficiently (genetic altering tool)
What is behaviour genetics?
The study of how genetic and environmental components lead to changes in behaviour
What happens during adoption studies?
Start with a person who was adopted at a young age and compare characteristic(s) with both biological and adoptive parents (environment is the only thing altered)
What is the idea behind heredity of intelligence?
If intelligence is genetically determined, people with the same genes would have equal IQs
Genes account for __% to __% of intelligence
50; 70
What is the reaction range?
Range of possibilities that genetic code allows (has upper and lower limits)
_______ effects determine where a person falls within these limits
Environmental
What are the “Big Five” personality traits?
1) Extraversion/Introversion
2) Agreeableness
3) Conscientiousness (responsible/dependable)
4) Neuroticism
5) Openness
What is evolution?
Change in heritable traits in a population over time
What is natural selection?
The process by which evolution occurs
What are some social adaptations in humans?
Innate ability to acquire language; responsiveness to human faces; group-seeking behaviour; some universal emotions
What is the Evolutionary Personality Theory?
There are limited dimensions to personality; these dimensions are universal and they exist because they facilitate core behaviours
What are the 5 universal personality traits according to the Evolutionary Personality Theory?
1) Extraversion/Introversion
2) Emotional stability (neurocentricism)
What are the 5 universal personality traits according to the Evolutionary Personality Theory?
1) Extraversion/Introversion
2) Emotional stability (neuroticism)
3) Openness
4) Agreeableness
5) Consciousness
What is parental investment?
The time, effort, energy, and risk associated with caring successfully for each offspring
Define cooperation
One individual helps another and gains some advantage
Define altruism
One individual helps another but there are costs involved
What is the purpose of Kin Selection Theory?
To increase the likelihood of relatives surviving
If kin selection theory is true what should we see?
A positive relationship between acts of altruism and degree of relatedness
What does reciprocal altruism theory contribute to?
Long-term cooperation
If the reciprocal altruism theory is true, what should we see?
Individuals should remember who has and has not helped in the past (doesn’t require relatedness)
What are possible reasons that aggression has evolved?
To protect one’s mate, young, territory, and/or food; take another’s resources; gain access to new resources
Aggression in social animals can lead to what?
Dominance hierarchies
