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PSYCH 104 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Define Psychology

A

The scientific study of behaviour and the mind

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2
Q

Define Behaviour

A

Actions and responses (directly observable)

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3
Q

Define Mind

A

Internal states and processes (e.g. thoughts and feelings; can’t be directly observed)

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4
Q

What are the 2 types of research?

A

Basic and Applied

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5
Q

What is basic research?

A

Research seeking knowledge for the sake or knowledge (mainly theory based)

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6
Q

What is applied research?

A

Research trying to answer a specific question (typically can see the results)

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7
Q

What are some of the sub-fields of psychology?

A

Clinical; Cognitive; Biopsychology/Neuroscience; Developmental; Industrial-Organizational; Personality; Social; Comparative; Experimental

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8
Q

What is clinical psychology?

A

The study and treatment of psych disorders (practicing & research)

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9
Q

What is Cognitive psychology?

A

The study of mental processes (Consciousness; Attention; Memory; Decision-making; Problem solving; Language)

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10
Q

What is Biopsychology/Neuroscience?

A

Focuses on the biological unpinning of behaviour (Evolutionary psychology)

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11
Q

What is developmental psychology?

A

Study of the physical, psychological, and social development across a lifespan (e.g. emotions & infants; parenting styles; mental abilities)

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12
Q

What is experimental psychology?

A

The study of learning how/why of psychology through experiments – focuses on basic processes like learning, sensory systems, perception, & motivational states

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13
Q

What is industry-organizational psychology?

A

The study of people’s behaviour in the workplace (leadership; teamwork; job satisfaction; work motivation; performance)

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14
Q

What is personality psychology?

A

The study of people’s personality

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15
Q

What is social psychology?

A

The study of thoughts, feelings, and behaviour in the social world (i.e. how ppl influence on another or in groups? How ppl form impressions and attitudes?)

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16
Q

What is comparative psychology?

A

Scientific study of the behaviour and mental processes of non-human animals (also known as: Comparative Psych; Ethology; Animal Behaviour & Cognition; Animal Psych)

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17
Q

What are some disciplines/fields of science that may involve psychology?

A

Biology; Anthropology; Economics; Sociology; Engineering; Computer Science; Medicine

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18
Q

What are the 6 major themes/points in psychology?

A
  1. Empirical
  2. Theoretically diverse
  3. Evolves in a sociohistorical context
  4. Behaviour is shaped by cultural heritage
  5. Behaviour is influenced by both heredity & environment
  6. People’s experience of the world is highly subjective
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19
Q

What is the Scientific Approach?

A

The systemic gathering and evaluation of empirical evidence

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20
Q

Define empirical evidence

A

Evidence gained through experience and observation

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21
Q

What does it mean to be systemic when conducting tests/experiments?

A

Performed according to a set of rules or conditions

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22
Q

What are some everyday pitfalls when studying psychology?

A

Info isn’t always accurate; May not be systemically obtained; May not be representative; Science isn’t the only way we learn about human behaviour (i.e. other people; personal experiences; media sources)

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23
Q

What are the 3 different levels of analysis?

A

Biological, Environmental, + Psychological

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24
Q

What is Mind-Body Dualism?

A

Belief that the mind is a spiritual entity that is not governed by the same rules as the physical body

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25
Q

Who was the main person that thought of mind-body dualism?

A

Rene Descartes

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26
Q

How did Rene Descartes believe the mind and body interacted?

A

That the mind and body interact via the pineal gland, in that the mind is a spiritual entity separate from the body

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27
Q

Define Dualism

A

The belief that no amount of studying the physical body can provide information about the non-physical mind (mind is a spiritual entity separate from our physical body)

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28
Q

What is Monism?

A

The belief that the mind and body are one

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29
Q

What concept was Thomas Hobbes related to?

A

Monism

30
Q

How did Thomas Hobbes believe that the mind and body interacted?

A

Believed that mental events are a product of physical events (not separate from the body)

31
Q

What is Empiricism?

A

Approach to studying the mind/body; all ideas and knowledge are gained empirically - through the senses

32
Q

What concept is John Locke associated with?

A

Empiricism

33
Q

What did John Locke believe?

A

Philosophy should focus on the capabilities and extent of the human mind (believed that you can measure/test the mind). Similar to Thomas Hobbes POV

34
Q

Define Physiology

A

An area of biology that examines bodily functioning

35
Q

What person is influential in the concept of evolution?

A

Charles Darwin

36
Q

What did Charles Darwin believe when it comes to the functioning of the mind (psychology)?

A

That humans are not “special” i.e. other animals’ minds work in similar ways and humans are not superior to them

37
Q

What is Structuralism?

A

Study the mind in terms of its basic elements

38
Q

What did Wilhelm Wundt establish?

A

The first experimental psychology laboratory at the University of Leipzig in Germany

39
Q

What is introspection and who is this concept related to?

A

1.The examination or observation of one’s own mental and emotional processes
2.Wilhelm Wundt

40
Q

What is Functionalism?

A

Study the function of consciousness, not structure; it was influenced by Darwin’s evolutionary theory

41
Q

What did William James do?

A

Helped widen the scope of psychology to biological and mental processes, and overt behaviour

42
Q

What concept is William James associated with?

A

Functionalism

43
Q

What are some modern perspectives of psychology?

A

Psychodynamic; Behavioural; Humanistic; Cognitive; Sociocultural; Biological

44
Q

What is the Psychodynamic Perspective?

On Exam

A

Searches for causes of behaviour within our personality + emphasizes the role of unconscious processes

45
Q

What concept is Sigmund Freud associated with?

A

Psychoanalysis

46
Q

What psychological perspective does Sigmund Freud have?

A

Psychodynamic perspective

47
Q

Define psychoanalysis

A

Investigation of internal and mostly unconscious psychological forces

48
Q

What is the behavioural perspective?

A

Focuses on the role of external environmental factors in determining behaviour

49
Q

What psychological perspective is John Locke considered to be a part of?

A

Behavioural

50
Q

Who are key figures associated with the behavioural perspective?

A

John Locke; Ivan Pavlov; Edward Thorndike; John B. Watson; B.F. Skinner

51
Q

What did Ivan Pavlov believe?

A

Learning can occur when events are associated with each other

52
Q

What is Edward Thorndike known for?

A

The Law of Effect

53
Q

What is the behavioural perspective also known as?

A

Behaviourism

54
Q

What is does behaviourism emphasize?

A

Environmental control of behaviour through learning

55
Q

What does John B. Watson believe?

A

Humans are products of the environment we learn in (observable behaviour)

56
Q

Who said the following quote? And what does it suggest?

“No account of what is happening inside the human body, no matter how complete, will explain the origins of human behaviour”

A
  1. B.F. Skinner
  2. Suggested that we have no account inside the body that will explain our mind (modern behaviouralist)
57
Q

What does the humanistic perspective emphasize?

A

Emphasizes free will, personal growth, and attempting to find meaning in one’s existence.

58
Q

What key person is associated with the humanistic perspective?

A

Abraham Maslow

59
Q

What did Abraham Maslow believe?

A

Self-actualization is a driving force (Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs) + started the positive psychology movement

60
Q

What does the positive psychology movement emphasize?

A

Emphasizes the study of human strengths, fulfillment, and optimal living; study how we nurture ourselves rather than study conflicts (look at the good over the bad)

61
Q

What does the cognitive perspective look at?

A

Looks at the nature of the mind and how mental processes influence behaviour (think Gestalt Psychology)

62
Q

What is Gestalt psychology?

A

“The whole is greater than the sum of its parts”
- Exams how the mind registers events as a whole rather than individually
- Looks at how the mind organizes elements of experience into a unified or “whole” perception

63
Q

What is (modern) cognitive psychology?

A

Focuses on the study of mental processes - study reasoning, decision making, problem solving, formation of perceptions, and production and understanding of language

64
Q

What is the difference between psychodynamics and cognitive psychology?

A

Psychodynamics - unconscious

Cognitive Psychology - conscious

65
Q

What does the sociocultural perspective look at?

A

Looks at how the social environment and cultural learning influence our behaviour, thoughts, and feelings

66
Q

In the sociocultural perspective what does the social portion refer to?

A

How the presence of other influences your behaviour, thoughts, and/or feelings (think physical & implied presence)

67
Q

In the sociocultural perspective what does the cultural portion refer to?

A

Values, beliefs, behaviours, traditions passed on (societal/cultural norms)

68
Q

What perspective looks at how brain and other bodily functions regulate behaviour?

A

Biological (brain, genes, + evolution)

69
Q

What perspective is related to brain, genes, and evolution?

A

Biological Perspective

70
Q

What is behaviour genetics?

A

The study of how behavioural tendencies are influenced by genetic factors

71
Q

What is evolutionary psychology?

A

Tries to explain how evolution shaped modern human behaviour

PSYCH 104 (5 decks)

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