chapter 4

Question 1

Prokaryote

Answer 1

A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

Question 2

Eukaryote

Answer 2

A cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

Question 3

characteristics of life

Answer 3

movement and irritability, reproduction and heredity, growth, metabolism, cell support, transport of nutrients and waste

Question 4

3 types of flagella

Answer 4

filament, hook, basal body

Question 5

filament

Answer 5

thin helical structure made with protein flagellin

Question 6

hook

Answer 6

curved sheath

Question 7

basal body

Answer 7

stack of rings firmly anchored in cell wall

Question 8

runs

Answer 8

smooth linear movement toward a stimulus (counterclockwise)

Question 9

tumbles

Answer 9

flagellar rotation reverses, causing the cell to stop and change its course (clockwise)

Question 10

periplasmic flagella

Answer 10

Internal flagella enclosed in the space between the outer sheath and the cell wall peptidoglycan

Question 11

periplasmic flagella function

Answer 11

Produce cellular motility by rotation

Question 12

Fimbrae

Answer 12

bristles emerging from the cell surfaces, helps with adhesion to other cells

Question 13

pili

Answer 13

found in gram negative cells, joins bacteria cells for DNA transfers

Question 14

Glycocalyx

Answer 14

The external surface of a plasma membrane that is important for cell-to-cell communication

Question 15

slime layer glycocalyx

Answer 15

loosely organized and attached

Question 16

capsule glycocalyx

Answer 16

highly organized, tightly attached

Question 17

biofilms

Answer 17

Colonies of bacteria that adhere together and to environmental surfaces.

Question 18

Why are biofilms dangerous

Answer 18

Can cause chronic infections, can be resistant to some chemicals

Question 19

cell envelope

Answer 19

includes cell membrane, cell wall, and glycocalyx; external covering

Question 20

peptidoglycan

Answer 20

the primary component of the cell wall

Question 21

gram negative stain

Answer 21

red/pink; thin peptidoglycan, outer membrane, 2 periplasmic spaces, less penetrable, has lipoproteins, lipopolysaccharides

Question 22

gram postive stain

Answer 22

purple; no outer membrane, teichoic acids, lipoteichoic acids, more penetrable

Question 23

Nontypical Cell Walls

Answer 23

Some bacterial groups lack typical cell wall structure

Question 24

characteristics of nontypical cell walls

Answer 24

Gram-positive cell wall structure with lipid mycolic acid; Pathogenicity and high degree of resistance to certain chemicals and dyes; Basis for acid-fast stain used for diagnosis of infections caused by these microorganisms; Some have no cell wall

Question 25

cell membrane

Answer 25

A cell structure that controls which substances can enter or leave the cell.

Question 26

cell cytoplasm

Answer 26

Dense gelatinous solution of sugars, amino acids, and salts

Question 27

cell cytoplasm characteristics

Answer 27

Serves as solvent for materials used in all cell functions; 70-80% water

Question 28

bacterial chromosome

Answer 28

circular thread of DNA that contains the cell's genetic information

Question 29

plasmids

Answer 29

small circular DNA molecules that replicate separately from the bacterial chromosome

Question 30

Ribosomes

Answer 30

make 60% ribosomal RNA, site of protein synthesis

Question 31

prokaryotic ribosomes

Answer 31

smaller than eukaryotic ribosomes

Question 32

inclusions and granules

Answer 32

intracellular storage bodies, vary in size, number, and content, bacterial cell can use them when environmental sources are depleted

Question 33

bacterial cytoskeleton

Answer 33

proteins aid in support and shape; simpler than that in eukaryotes

Question 34

endospores

Answer 34

Inert, resting, cells produced by some G+ genera; resistant to ordinary cleaning and boiling methods

Question 35

Vegetative cell

Answer 35

metabolically active and growing

Question 36

Sporulation

Answer 36

endospore formation; can withstand extreme environments

Question 37

bacteria shape and arrangement

Answer 37

coccus, bacillus, spirillum

Question 38

coccus

Answer 38

round bacteria

Question 39

Bacillus

Answer 39

Rod shaped bacteria

Question 40

Spirillum

Answer 40

spiral shaped bacteria

Question 41

book on bacterial classification

Answer 41

bacteria taxonomy- Bergen's Manuel

Question 42

domains of bacteria

Answer 42

Archaea and Bacteria

Question 43

archaea

Answer 43

related more to eukaryotes than bacteria, unique membrane lipids and cell walls, adapts to heat, salt, pH, lives in all conditions

Question 44

species

Answer 44

a group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals

Question 45

strain

Answer 45

species derived from parent with different structures from that species; mutant

Question 46

type

Answer 46

difference in antigenic makeup, susceptibility to bacterial viruses and pathogenicity

Question 47

cyanobacteria

Answer 47

eukaryote, carries out photosynthesis, unicellular and multicellular