Chapter 4

Question 1

The aim of language production is

Answer 1

To describe the linguistic operations (functional arquitecture) applied to a given prelinguistic input to the generation of a motor output

Questions of interest:

How many/which are the processors

How dos they work (serial vs. parallel)

How they connect to each other (autonomous vs. interactive)

Question 2

Speech error: Anticipation

Answer 2

= occur when a later segment takes the place of an earlier one. They differ from shifts in that the segment that intrudes on another also remains in its correct location and thus is used twice

Back my bike (Take my bike)

It’s a meal mystery (It’s a real mystery)

Question 3

Speech error: Persevation

Answer 3

= occur when an earlier segment replaces a later item.

He pulled a pantrum (tanrum)

Question 4

Speech error: Shift

Answer 4

= one speech segment disappears from its appropriate location and
appears somewhere else

That’s so she’ll be ready in case she decide to hits it (decides to hit it).

Question 5

Speech error: Exchange

Answer 5

= double shifts, in which two linguistic units exchange places

Fancy getting your model renosed (getting your nose remodeled).

Question 6

Speech error: Addition

Answer 6

= add linguistic material

I didn’t explain this clarefully enough (carefully enough).

Question 7

Speech error: Deletion

Answer 7

= leave something out

I’ll just get up and mutter intelligibly (unintelligibly)

Question 8

Speech error: Substitution

Answer 8

= occur when one segment is replaced by an intruder. These differ from
previously described slips in that the source of the intrusion may not be in the
sentence

At low speeds it’s too light (heavy).

Question 9

Speech error: Blend

Answer 9

= apparently occur when more than one word is being considered and the two intended items ‘‘fuse’’ or ‘‘blend’’ into a single item.

That child is looking to be spaddled (spanked/paddled)

Question 10

Syntactic priming phenomenon

Answer 10

Subjects trend to use preactivated syntactic structures

Question 11

Tip of the Tongue phenomenon TOT (Brown y McNeill, 1966)

Answer 11

The “tip of the tongue” (TOT) phenomenon is a state in which one cannot quite recall a familiar word but can recall words of similar form and meaning.

Question 12

Utterance generator Fromkin (1971)

Answer 12

It derives from the analysis of the errors produced by speakers in natural contexts

Each type of error refers us to a type of mental representation and each of them refers to a processing phase

Autonomous generator, serial descending with no feedback loops

6 phases in which different representations of the message take place

Question 13

Utterance generator Fromkin: 6 fasen

Answer 13

Fase 1 = Meaning to be conveyed
Syntactic structure genetaror + semantic structure genetator

Fase 2 =Syntactic-semantic structures
Intonation controur generator

Fase 3 = Structures with primary stress and intonation specified

Fase 4 = Words are selected from the lexicon
Fase 4 = Strings of segments devided in syllables - Syntactic phonological F’s speficied
Morphophonemic rules

Fase 5 = Strings of phonetic segment
Phonetic rules

Fase 6 = Fully specified phonetic segments in syllables
Motor commands to muscles

Question 14

Spreading-activation theory of retrieval in sentence production of Dell (1986)

Answer 14

Connectionist model based on the concept of spreading activation
Derived from the analysis of errors
Functional architecture: representations and tactical frameworks at 4 levels (semantic, syntactic, morphological and phonological)

Question 15

Stages of language production in the model of Ellis & Young

Answer 15

Autonomic serial model from neuropsychological dissociations

Processing units for oral and written production

Widely used in neuropsychological clinic and speech therapy (Cuetos 1998)

Limitations:

• Lack of description of the mechanisms of the modules
• Lack of syntax specification

Question 16

Theory of lexical access in speech production of Levelt, Roelofs, & Meyer (1999)

1: Lexical selection: Conceptualization

Answer 16

Producing a word begins by activating a lexical concept and selecting it for expression (determining what to say). Speakers contruct a preverbal message through conceiving an intention and selecting relevant information from memory or the environment in order to prepare for the contruction of an utterance.

Involve: macroplanning + microplanning

Image naming and categorization tasks: They involve recognizing the object and selecting the appropriate concept

• Word production starts activating an appropriate lexical concept and selecting it for production
• Naming and categorization tasks:

     Involve object recognition and selection of the appropriate concept

N2 in Go/No Go categorization task: Animal (No Go) vs. Non-animal (Go)

At 150 ms after presenting visual stimulus subjects have enough information to initiate response inhibition

Access to the lexical concept operates at this temporal window

Accessing to the lexical concept of an object takes place been 150-200 ms

Question 17

Theory of lexical access in speech production of Levelt, Roelofs, & Meyer (1999)

2: Lexical selection: Lemma activation

Answer 17

It consists of accessing the syntactic characteristics of the target word (syntactic word)

Lexicalization + syntactic planning

Each node of the “conceptual stratum” is linked to a single node of the “stratum of the lemmas”

• To access to the syntactic features of a target word (syntactic word)
• Each node in the conceptual stratum is linked to a single node of the lemma stratum
• At which time do we get access to the lemmas?
• N2 effect in the Conceptual task (peak latency 477) started earlier than in the Syntax task (peak latency 550)
• The 73 ms of difference will reflect mean time taken to activate gender feature of the lemmas

Lemma selection takes 73 ms and happens between150-350 ms

Question 18

Theory of lexical access in speech production of Levelt, Roelofs, & Meyer (1999)

3: Morphological encoding:

Answer 18

The operations involved in coding the form begin by accessing the phonological form and end with the articulation of the word.

Three stages involve turning words into sounds:

Morphological codes retrieval: accessing the phonological form of words

Phonological encoding: syllabification or spelling of morphemes in ordered segments

Phonetic encoding: transformation of syllables into motor instructions

Form encoding starts getting access to the phonological shape and ends with the articulation of words

Morphological encoding: Recover of morphological codes
Hyp: If syntax precedes phology during production, syntactic information (prepared hand) will be sent to the motor system before phological information (taking the Go/No Go decision), thus generating some transient preparation (LRP) in No Go trials

• At 370 ms go and no go trials difered from baseline
• At 410 ms the accessibility to phonological information inhibits motor preparation in no go trials
• 40 ms after getting access to syntactic information, phonological information is activated thus inhibiting motor preparation

Morphological encoding last between 40-113 ms after lemma selection

Morphological encoding: Syllabification
Hyp: Target phoneme variations will not change preparation start (LRP), but preparation inhibition (the time point where go and no go responses diverge due to the access of phonological information)

370-400 ms: go and no-go trials from both conditions diverge from baseline

Preparatory responses are inhibit earlier in start phoneme trials

Phonological encoding operates in a left to right manner at a rate of 25 ms per segment

Syllabification: 25 ms/segment

Question 19

Dialog

Answer 19

complex and dynamic interaction between speakers directed by rules or conventions determined by the social an cultural environment.

Question 20

The interactive alignment account of dialogue (Pickering y Garrod, 2004):

Four basic cognitive mechanisms to achieved alignment:

Answer 20

1. • Priming
2. • Inferences
3. • Production of Routines
4. • Monitoring mechanisms.

Question 21

Cognitive mechanisms during conversation

Priming mechanisms:

Answer 21

People do not explicitly negotiate expressions and meanings that use along a conversation.

Instead it seems that there exist automatic mechanisms (priming) that activates common representations as conversation takes place

The advance in the interaction between speakers will progressively align representations increasing the probability of repetition of the lexical, syntactical structures, intonation…

This will happen in an interactive manner at the different representational levels (semantic, pragmatic, etc.) until alignment is achieved.

Question 22

Cognitive mechanisms during conversation

2.- Inferences:

Answer 22

Inferences are performed by participants regarding the mutual knowledge or “background of implicit knowledge” (believes, attitudes…)

Interactive restoration mechanisms: top-down mechanisms when alignment is no sufficient.

Consist in two recursive mechanisms:

a. - To check whether a given information can be directly interpreted according to my own representations
b. - To reformulate the expression in order to allow the establishment of a “background of implicit knowledge” (in response to the failure of the first mechanism)

Question 23

Cognitive mechanisms during conversation

3.- Routine expressions:

Answer 23

Contribute to the fluency of dialoged and involves automatic activation of routines or frequently used expressions

For example:” I know what you said…”

Question 24

Cognitive mechanisms during conversation

4.- Monitoring:

Answer 24

It refers to alignment processes operating within a subject = auto-alignment between different levels of representation