Chapter 4

Question 1

Rating scales:

Answer 1

a written behavioral examination that draws on psychological knowledge (evaluation). Occasionally, the client’s medical history, intake interview and clinical interview form the elements of the rating scale.

Question 2

Observation scales:

Answer 2

Written behavioral examination that draws on observation (findings).

Question 3

The leniency effect

Answer 3

(tendency to rate friends and acquaintances more positively on certain traits

Question 4

The halo effect

Answer 4

the tendency to examine all traits in the direction of a general impression, instead of an isolated impression

Question 5

The logic error

Answer 5

the tendency to pass similar judgments on traits that seem to be logically linked, although they are detached from one another

Question 6

The contrast error

Answer 6

(the tendency to judge a certain trait in a person against that same trait in others

Question 7

Primacy and recency effects

Answer 7

(the tendency to attach greater weight to the first or, conversely, the last observation

Question 8

Actor-observer phenomenon:

Answer 8

people are inclined to contribute the cause of their own behavior to external, situational factors, while they attribute the behavior of others to their stable traits, or personality traits.

Question 9

2 heuristics that have effect on observation in clinical context:

Answer 9

• Availability: immediate availability of certain memories

- First impression

Question 10

Selectivity ( The content of the observations)

Answer 10

best that the observation is carried out within the framework of a particular question and this question determines which behaviors are of interest

Question 11

Molar level (content of the observations):

Answer 11

Larger, meaningful units are rated e.g., socially skilled behavior)

Question 12

Molecular level (content of the observations)

Answer 12

smaller units e.g., duration of eye contact, how many times a person smiles)

Question 13

Observation in simulated settings:

Answer 13

observing a client with agoraphobia, who must carry out predefined tasks on the street and in different stores. Validity is high and comparability with other clients is possible

Question 14

Lang’s 3-factor model anxiety can be manifested in 3ways:

Answer 14

• The subjective experience of anxiety reported by the client themselves.
• Outward observable behavior
• Psychological reactions in response to a frightening situation