Chapter 4 Flashcards
What is the Description of Lyme Disease?
Most cases (not all) are found in Northeast
What is the Etiology of Lyme Disease?
Carried from the host (white tailed deer, mice, raccoons, dogs, horses, etc) to humans by blacklegged ticks. Injected saliva or fecal material on skin
What is the Signs and Symptoms at Stage 1 of Lyme Disease?
Erythema chronicum migrans (ECM), but not seen in all cases. Sx include flu-like illness: fever fatigue headaches chills stiff neck muscle pain
What are the Signs and Sx of Stage 2 of Lyme Disease?
Affect the central nervous system: meningitis, nerve damage, facial palsy, etc
What are the signs and Sx of Stage 3 of Lyme Disease?
Arthritis and neurological problems. Irreversible damage
What are the diagnostic procedures for Lyme Disease?
Identification of ECM, exposure to ticks, blood tests (may take 6 weeks for antibodies to show). ELISA test detects antibodies to B. burgdorferi
Treatment for Lyme Disease
Antibiotics (Doxycycline, Amoxicillin) reduce stress ample rest
prognosis for Lyme disease
intermittent recurrence of headache, muscle pain lethargy fatigue
Prevention of Lyme disease
cover the body to prevent tick bite insect repellent, light colored clothing, tuck pants into socks, frequent inspection
West Nile Virus description
infectous disease that occurs through mosquito bite. Virus crosses blood-brain barrier causing inflammation of the brain
west nile virus etiology
bite of infected mosquito, birds are the reservoir
West Nile Virus signs/sx
range mild to severe, 80% show no symptoms
West nile virus mild Sx
fever headache body ache skin rash swollen lymph nodes
west nile virus severe Sx
mild sx with stupor disorientation, tremors convulsion coma and paralysis
west nile virus diagnostic procedures
clinical findings, blood test for antibodies (ELISA). detectable within days
West Nile virus treatment
no known cure, encourage fluids, alleviate Sx, reassurance, analgesics
West Nile virus prognosis
mild Sx last only a few days, severe sx may be permenant
West Nile virus Prevention
Insect repellent (DEET) long-sleeve clothing, pants reduce mosquito populations barriers (screens, nets windows)
Malaria description
great masquerader (presents to be many things) More world cases than US cases
Malaria etiology
infected mosquitos to humans, Protozoan infection, eventually causes destruction of RBC
Malaria Signs and Sx
Flu like
fever shaking chills headache muscle aches malaise. Nausea vomiting, diarrhea anemia jaundice
Malaria Diagnosis
Presence of protozoa parasites in the RBC on microscopic examination. Rapid blood test detect antigens
Malaria Treatment
Anti-malaria prescription medication depending on the strain of malaria
chloroquine
quinine
Malaria Prognosis
if treated promptly and correctly, prognosis is good. Potential death is diagnosis or treatment is delayed
Malaria Prevention
Avoidance of mosquitos. Pre-travel medication. Education
Anthrax Description
Acute infection of domestic animals
Three forms: Cutaneous (skin), Inhalation, Intestinal
Anthrax Etiology
Contact with animals dying of anthrax
Animal products: bone meal, animal hides
2001 Anthrax distributed to members of the U.S. Senate.
Undercooked, contaminated meat
Anthrax Symptoms Cutaneous
Raised, itchy papule at site of entry
Red papule quickly becomes a vesicle then an ulcer
Will eventually lead to septicemia, shock, death
Anthrax Sx Intestinal
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea. Abdominal distress, fever, septicemia
Anthrax Sx Inhalation
Cold-like symptoms. Respiratory distress after 3-5 days, fever, death
All will eventually cause blood poisoning & shock
Anthrax Diagnostic Procedures
Laboratory diagnosis made by isolation of bacteria (Blood, skin lesion, respiratory secretions)
Anthrax Treatment
Penicillin/doxycycline
Broad spectrum antibiotics
Anthrax Prognosis
Without treatment 20% mortality, as high as 75% even with treatment
Anthrax Prevention
Vaccine
Education
Protective clothing
Sterilization of animal products whenever possible.
Plague description
Bubonic-bite of infected flea
Pneumonic-close contact with infected individual, respiratory secretions.
Plague Etiology
Yersinia pestis
Plague Signs and Sx
Fever, weakness, shortness of breath, chest pain, cough, pneumonia. Bloody, frothy sputum Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain Bubonic plague Buboes
Plague Diagnostic Procedures
Blood or sputum test can confirm diagnosis
Plague Treatment
Antibiotics within 24 hours of first symptoms. Symptomatic treatment
Plague Prognosis
Without treatment pneumonic plague leads to respiratory failure, shock, death.
Plague Prevnetion/Control
Avoid contact with sick individuals.
Immediate treatment of infected to reduce transmission
E. Coli Description
Most are harmless and live in the intestinal tract. 0157:H7 produces a dangerous toxin causing serious illness. 70,000 cases each year. Eating undercooked, contaminated ground beef, contaminated lettuce, unpasteurized milk and fruit juice
E. coli Etiology
In the intestines of healthy cattle
Contamination during slaughter, present on udders
Fecal-oral route
E. coli Signs and Sx
Severe bloody diarrhea, Abdominal cramps, Resolves in 5-10 days
Complications
Children and elderly: Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS)
E. coli diagnostic procedures
Stool specimen tested for E. coli in all patients with bloody diarrhea
E. coli treatment
Recover 5-10 days
Supportive therapy
Rest, fluid replacement,
balanced diet. BRAT diet
E. coli prognosis
Without HUS, very good, with HUS, guarded
E. coli prevention
Cook all ground beef thoroughly (160 degrees). Pasteurized milk and juice. Prevent cross-contamination. Thorough washing of vegetables
Botulism description
Paralytic disease of the muscles
Food-borne 15%, Wound botulism 29%, Infant botulism 55%
Previously used as a warfare agent
Botulism Etiology
Clostridium botulinum
Forms spores that remain dormant until exposed to conditions supporting growth.
Botulism Signs and Sx
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea may occur with 3-6 hours.
Dizziness, difficulty in swallowing, slurred speech, double vision, drooping eyelids, muscle weakness within 12-36 hours
Descending paralysis; death from respiratory paralysis
Botulism Treatment
Botulinum antitoxin
Respiratory assistance respiratory.
Surgical removal of the toxin-producing bacteria
Antibiotics
Botulism Prognosis
Months of recuperation may be necessary
Symptoms (fatigue and shortness of breath) may continue for years.
Botulism Prevention
Most common foods Asparagus, green beans, beets, corn Properly canned foods and strict hygienic measures High temperatures No honey for infants under one year-old
Infectous Diarrheal Disease Description
Affects children 5 years and younger
highly contagious, commonly occurring in day care centers
Infectous Diarrheal Disease Etiology
Oral fecal route
Incubation 48 hours
bacterial, viral, parasitic infections
Infectous Diarrheal Disease Signs/Sx
Diarrhea w/ or w/out blood
accompanied by nausea, vomitting, abdominal cramps, low grade fever, dehydration, electrolyte imbalance
Infectous Diarrheal Disease Diagnostic Procedures
history
physical exam
stool sample
Infectous Diarrheal Disease treatment
Must rehydrate
medication according to cause of Sx
Antibiotics in special cases, may prolong disease in some cases
Infectous Diarrheal Disease Prognosis
Good is detected early and given prompt treatment
Must rehydrate
careful monitoring
Infectous Diarrheal Disease Prevention
Good hygiene Hand washing careful disposal of feces clean water avoid stagnant water
Common Cold Description
Acute infection that causes inflammation of the upper respiratory tract.
effects young children leading causes of school absents. Most common in fall and winter months
Common cold etiology
Hundreds of different viruses can cause a cold. Airborne transmission, hand-to-hand contact and indirect contact with phones, keyboards, desks, etc
Common cold Signs/Sx
Gradual onset of nasal congestion, pharyngitis, headache, malaise, water eyes, low-grade fever. Productive or nonproductive cough. Symptoms last 2-4 days. Contagious 2-3 day after onset
Common cold diagnostic procedures
Clinical diagnosis, no need for lab work unless ruling out other illness
Common cold treatment
rehydrate
Medication according to the cause of the symptoms.
Antibiotics in special cases, may prolong disease in some cases.
Common cold prognosis
Good if early detection and prompt treatment. Must rehydrate. Careful monitoring
Common cold prevention
Good hygiene. Hand washing, careful disposal of feces, clean water, avoid stagnant water
Influenza Description
Acute, contagious respiratory disease. Winter and spring months, children and elderly most susceptible
Influenza Etiology
Many influenza viruses, frequently mutating,. Transmission through indirect or direct contact (cough, sneeze, hand-to-hand contact)
Influenza Signs/Sx
Abrupt onset of fever, chills, malaise, muscle aches (myalgia), headache, nasal congestion, laryngitis, cough.
Influenza Procedures
Throat or nasal culture
Influenza Treatment
Best rest, fluids, analgesics, antipyretics. Some antiviral medication
Influenza Prognosis
Good with proper care and immune function
Influenza prevention
Hygiene, hand washing.
Vaccine
Another name for MRSA
Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus
MRSA description
Staphylococci infection of the skin. MRSA is resistant to antimicrobial drugs
25-30% of individuals have Staphylococci in nose.
MRSA Signs/Sx
Painful, red, swollen, and warm lesion on the skin. Lesions my drain puss or discharge. Infection can spread to the lung (pneumonia), or the bloodstream. Traditional antibiotics will have little effect.
MRSA Diagnostic procedures
culture and sensitivity
MRSA treatment
Drain the infection. Find the right antibiotic (according to culture and sensitivity. IV antibiotics (often times vancomycin)
MRSA prognosis
May be life-threatening, however good with prompt and appropriate treatment.
MRSA Prevention
Hand washing
hygiene
HIV/AIDS description
AIDS is a severe illness associated with HIV infection.
Associated with sexual contact but can also be transmitted via blood, blood products, shared needles, birth process, breast milk.
HIV/AIDS Etiology
First diagnosed in 1981.
Primarily infects T4 lymphocytes (cells critical to immune system)
HIV/AIDS Signs/Sx
May (not always) show flu-like or mono-like illness.
Later sx swollen lymph nodes, weight loss, fever, fatigue, neurological symptoms, several forms of malignancy and chronic illnesses.
HIV/AIDS Diagnostic Procedure
Four rapid HIV tests approved by the FDA.
HIV/AIDS Treatment
No cure
Antiretroviral drugs, protease inhibitors, and other antiviral medications.
HIV/AIDS Prognosis
Recurrent bouts of opportunistic infections. Current therapy has greatly increased the years of life.
HIV/AIDS Prevention
No vaccine, although aggressive research working toward this goal.
Education, safe sexual practices, eliminating needle sharing.
Another name for Rubeola
Measles
Rubeola Description
Highly communicable respiratory infections. Most common among school-age children.
Rubeola Etiology
Direct contact with infectious droplets.
Rubeola Signs/Sx
Rhinitis (inflammation of the nasal passages), cough, drowsiness, anorexia, fever.
Small reds spots with bluish white centers (Koplik spots). Photophobia, rash on the face.
Rubeola Diagnostic Procedures
Physical exam. Lab work suggests leukopenia (low white blood cell count).
Rubeola Treatment
Symptomatic: bed rest, dark room, antipyretics, liquids.
Rubeola Prognosis
Good, runs course in approx 5 days. Look for complications.
Rubeola Prevention
Immunization at 12-15 months
Mumps description
Acute contagious disease of the parotid salivary glands
Mumps etiology
Paramyxovirus. Airborne droplets of saliva
Mumps signs/Sx
Unilateral or bilateral swollen parotid glands.
Headache, malaise, fever, earache.
Mumps diagnostic procedures
Physical exam. Nasopharyngeal culture
Mumps treatment
Analgesics, antipyretics, liquids
Mumps Prognosis
Good. Complications may include orchitis
Mumps prevention
Immunization at 12-15 months
Another name for varicella
chickenpox
varicella description
Highly contagious viral illness.
Varicella etiology
Varicella-zoster virus. Spread via respiratory secretion and direct contact
varicella signs/Sx
Pruritic rash, red spots Red bumps -> Clear vesicles » Umbilicated vesicles.
Anorexia, malaise, fever.
varicella diagnostic procedures
History and physical exam
varicella treatment
Isolation, antihistamine lotions, calamine, cool bicarbonate soda bath, oatmeal baths,
Varicella prognosis
Good. Look for secondary infection. Now at risk for shingles (herpes zoster)
Varicella prevention
vaccination
Another name for Erythema infectiosum
Fifth disease
erythema infectiosum description
Infection predominantly in children with flulike symptoms and diffuse redness of the skin (erythema)
erythema infectiosum etiology
Human parvovirus B19
Respiratory secretions or direct contact.
LDS nurseries (just kidding, kind of)
erythema infectiosum signs/sx
Fever, red facial rash (slapped cheek). Lacy rash on the trunk /limbs, rash can reoccur for week with exposure to sun, heat, stress, exercise
erythema infectiosum diagnostic procedures
throat swab
erythema infectiosum treatment
Symptomatic, control fever.
erythema infectiosum prognosis
Good, look for complications
erythema infectiosum prevention
Good hygiene. No route vaccine.
another name for pertussis
whooping cough
pertussis description
Acute, highly contagious respiratory tract disease. Most common, and dangerous, in children.
pertussis etiology
Bacterial illness transmitted through direct contact with respiratory discharge.
pertussis sign/sx stage 1 name
catarrhal stage
catarrhal stage of pertussis
gradual onset of cold-like sx, mild fever, running nose, dry cough, irritability and anorexia
1-2 weeks
pertussis sign/sx stage 2 name
paroxysmal stage
paroxysmal stage of pertussis
onset of the class cough consisting of a series of several short, sever, coughs in rapid succession followed by a slow, strained inspiration (whoop or stridor). May see weight loss, dehydration, vomiting, epistaxis, hypoxia. 3-4 weeks
pertussis sign/sx stage 3 name
decline stage
decline stage of pertussis
marked improvement of cough / other symptoms.
Diphtheria description
Acute, life-threatening infectious disease.
Diphtheria etiology
Intimate contact with discharges from the nose, throat, eye, and skin lesions
Diphtheria Signs/Sx
Headache, malaise, mild fever. Foul odor to the breath, bluish skin color, blood water nasal drainage, pseudomembrane coating respiratory tract that may block airways.
Diphtheria diagnostic procedures
Physical exam, nose and throat cultures
Diphtheria treatment
Diphtheria antitoxin and antibiotic therapy.
Diphtheria Prognosis
Varies. Milder to life threatening
Diphtheria Prevention
Inoculation with diphtheria toxoid at 3 months. DPT vaccine (Diphtheria, Pertussis, and Tetanus)
Another name for tetanus
Lockjaw
Tetanus description
Acute, life-threatening disease. Children are at greatest risk. Not communicable
Tetanus Etiology
Bacteria commonly found in soil. Pathogenic spores most commonly enter through a puncture.
Tetanus early Signs/Sx
Stiffness of the jaw, esophageal muscles, and some neck muscles.
Tetanus late signs/Sx
jaw becomes rigidly fixed (lockjaw) altered voice, contracted facial muscles,. Muscles in the back and extremities become rigid, seer convulsive spasms, high fever, sweating, tachycardia, dysphagia, intense pain.
Tetanus diagnostic procedures
History, physical exam, identification of classic symptoms.
Tetanus treatment
Clean site of wound, antibiotics administered, Human tetanus immune globulin (TIG).
tetanus prognosis
Disease runs its course in 6-7 weeks. Prognosis varies from mild illness to death.
tetanus prevention
Immunization at 3 months. Periodic boosters.
