Chapter 1, 2, and 3 Flashcards
What is a natural nonspecific immune response?
External barriers and inflammation
What are all of the external barriers?
Skin, mucus, bodily fluid secretion, friendly bacteria
Skin
- Barrier against most pathogens
- Prevents bacteria from surviving due to lactic acid & fatty acids in sweat and low pH generated by sebaceous secretion’s
Mucus
- keeps bacteria from attaching to surface of the body
- Cilia (hair-like projections that move stuff from around) remove trapped foreign particles
Bodily fluid secretion
Tears, cerumen (earwax), urine removes bacteria and foreign particles for the body (high pH removes/kill bacteria in the vagina/urethra)
Tears gastric juice, semen, nasal secretion and saliva contain bactericidal components that destroy pathogens
Friendly bacteria
Bacteria in vaginal produce lactic acid and metabolic glycogen secreted by b=vaginal epithelium. Friendly bacteria are killed antibiotic use glycogen increases and allows yeast to grow, producing vaginal candidiasis (yeast infection)
Cause of inflammation is..,.
injury, infection, hypersensitivity
Steps of inflammation
- Injury /infection/ hypersensitivity
- constriction of blood vessels
- dilation of blood vessels
permeability increases (allows WBC to leave) - Leukocytes (WBC) leaves blood vessel to fight off bacteria
- phagocytosis
- WBC travel toward the site of injury through chemotaxis
diapedesis
leukocytes leave blood vessel to go fight of bacteria that have been exposed due to trauma
Process of Chemotaxis
Trauma skin realses histamine which attracts WBS
Like everyone gathering to the kitchen during Thanksgiving dinner
Mediators
lure leukocytes to the inflammation site
Ex. histamine, others
Chain of Infection
Pathogen, Reservoir, Portal of exit, Mode of Transmittion, Portal of entry, new host
Pathogen
disease causing agent normally lives and grows (ex. virus, bacteria, rickettsia, protozoa, etc.)
Reservoir
habitat in which an infectous agent normally lives and grows
Ex. humans, animal, environmental (plants soil, water)
Portal of exit
path by which an agent leaves the source host
Modes of Transmittion
how pathogens are passed
Direct transmittion
direct contact, droplet spread, skin/mucous membrane, kissing sexual intercourse
Did these two people touch? Have to be yes
indirect transmittion
airborne, vehicle born, vector borne (mechanical/biological)
Touching or ingesting any contaminated object or food.
no one touched by anyone
Portal of entry
agent enters susceptible host through (respiratory, oral, skin, intravenous, gastrointestinal)
New host
final link is a susceptible host