Chapter 4 Flashcards by JUNALIZA ARANGCON

PISO (primary CATION)

Potassium in, Sodium out

MICO (secondary CATION)

Magnessium in, Calcium out

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PhiClo (primary ANION)

phosphate in, Chloride out

SULIBIO (SECONDARY ANION)

Sulfate in, Bicarbonate out

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molecules move
spontaneously from an area of high concentration
to one of low concentration

diffusion

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Kinetic movement of molecules or ions occurs
through a membrane opening or through
intermolecular spaces without any interaction
with carrier proteins in the membrane

simple or passive diffusion?

simple diffusion (downhill)

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Rate of diffusion approaches a maximum as the concentration of the
diffusing substance increases.

simple or facilitated diffusion

facilitated (downhill)

-REQUIRES CARRIER and CHANNEL

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Glucose transporter that is activated by
insulin, which can increase the rate of diffusion of
glucose

GLUT 3 or GLUT 4

Glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4)

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proportional to the
concentration on the outside minus
on the inside

net diffusion rate or precentage ?

net diffusion rate

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Effect of membrane ELECTRICAL POTENTIAL on
diffusion of ions

Nernst Potential or power

Nernst Potential

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the SUM OF ALL THE FORCES of the different
molecules striking a unit surface area at
a given instant

PRESSURE

-is about 20 mmHg greater inside the
capillary than outside

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factor that determines how rapidly a substance diffuses
through the lipid bilayer

LIPID SOLUBILITY or water

LIPID SOLUBILITY

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the RATE OF DIFFUSION of each of the substances through

the membrane is DIRECTLY proportional to its LIPID SOLUBILITY

substances that have high lipid solubility: CANO

hydrophobic solutes:
− oxygen
− nitrogen
− carbon dioxide
− alcohols

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Permits only certain molecules to pass through

SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY

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Determined by diameter of a pore and its electric
charge

selective or non-selective ?

SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY

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form open tubes
through the membrane

pores or acne

PORES

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Protein channel regulated by electric signals

voltage or ligand gated ?

voltage-gated channel

ANTIPORT

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Protein channel regulated by chemicals that bind to
the channel proteins

voltage or ligand gated ?

ligand-gated

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have inner channels that are lined
with amino acids that are strongly negatively charged

potassium or sodium channel

sodium channel

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They were found to have
tetrameric structure consisting of four identical protein
subunits surrounding a central pole

potassium or sodium channel

potassium channel

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from a solution with low solute to high solute concentration

osmosis or osmolality

osmosis

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occurs from the pure water into the sodium chloride
solution
-determined by the number of particles
per unit volume of fluid

osmolality or osmotic pressure

osmotic pressure

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unit used (in place of grams) to express the
concentration of a solution in terms of numbers of
particles

mole or osmole

osmole

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normal osmolality of ECF and ICF

300 milliosmoles per

kilogram of water

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the osmolar concentration expressed as osmoles
per liter of solution

osmolality or osmolarity?

osmolarity

“uphill” against a
concentration gradient.

carrier-mediated

active or passive transport ?

active transport (uphill)

Energy derived directly from breakdown of | ATP

primary active transport

-two (2) binding sites for potassium ions on the outside -three (3) binding sites for sodium ions on the inside of the cell alpha or beta subunit

α subunit

1 osmole of a substance | 10-fold is about 1400 calories

caloreism

represents a storehouse of energy sodium or potassium gradient

sodium gradient

movement of sodium ions to the interior and | calcium ions to the exterior

sodium-calcium counter transport

■ describes the ease with which a solute diffuses through a membrane. permeability or trachea ?

permeability | depends on solute and membrane

increases the solubility/ diffusion

↑ Oil/water partition coefficient ↓ Radius (size) of the solute

Specific inhibitors of Na+ , K+ -ATPase

cardiac glycoside drugs ouabain and | digitalis.

Ca2+ pump occurs in

``` sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) "serca" ```

H+ , K+ -ATPase (or proton pump) in gastric parietal cells inhibitor

omeprazole

coupled transport of 2 or more solute primary or secondary

secondary active transport

``` Examples: Na+-glucose in small intestine and renal early proximal tubule Na+–K+–2Cl– in renal thick ascending limb. ```

symport

Example: Na+-Ca2+ exchange and Na+ –H+ exchange.

antiport

is a colligative property that can be measured by freezing point depression OSMOSIS or OSMOLARITY

osmolaRITY

the osmotic pressure created by proteins (e.g., plasma proteins).

Colloid osmotic pressure, or oncotic pressure

number between zero and one

Reflection coefficient

ONE reflection coefficient = IMpermeable ex: serum albumin

zero = permeable (will not exert osmotic effect, no water flow) ex: urea

activation gate of the Na+ channel in nerve is opened by depolarization making it PERMEABLE (Upstroke)

resting membrane potential: −70 mV means 70 mV, cell negative. - result of the high resting conductance to K+

opened or closed by hormones, second messengers, or neurotransmitters voltage or ligand gated?

ligand-gated

generated across a membrane because of concentration difference of an ion osmosis or diffusion potential ?

diffusion potential

difference between the actual membrane potential and the ion’s equilibrium potential driving force or driving lesson

Driving force

occurs if there is a driving force on the ion and the membrane is permeable to the ion. CURRENT OR PAST FLOW

current flow

makes the membrane potential less negative depolarization or hyper ?

depolarization / inward current

the action potential is inevitable. grudge or threshold

threshold

peak of the action potential when the membrane potential is positive. overshoot or overdrive

overshoot

block these voltage-sensitive Na+ channels and abolish action potentials. MEFENAMIC OR Tetrodotoxin (TTX) and lidocaine?

Tetrodotoxin (TTX) and lidocaine

another action potential cannot be elicited absolute or relative refractory period

absolute

begins at the end of the absolute refractory period and continues until the membrane potential returns to the resting level absolute or Relative

relative refractory period -CAN be ELICIT

sodium-potassium pump calcium ion pump Hydrogen / Potassium ion (Proton pump)

primary active transport

(SGLT 2 inhibits.. sodium-gluc or PISO ?

o Na / Glucose symport

 Main organ: LIVER (Uptake of LDL)  Clathrin pull the membrane to create a pit.  Endosome vesicle

o Receptor mediated endocytosis

• Effect of Membrane Electrical Potential on Diffusion of Ions nernst or ECG

o Nernst Potential