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PHYSIOLOGY > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

PISO (primary CATION)

Potassium in, Sodium out

A

MICO (secondary CATION)

Magnessium in, Calcium out

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2
Q

PhiClo (primary ANION)

phosphate in, Chloride out

A

SULIBIO (SECONDARY ANION)

Sulfate in, Bicarbonate out

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3
Q

molecules move
spontaneously from an area of high concentration
to one of low concentration

A

diffusion

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4
Q

Kinetic movement of molecules or ions occurs
through a membrane opening or through
intermolecular spaces without any interaction
with carrier proteins in the membrane

simple or passive diffusion?

A

simple diffusion (downhill)

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5
Q

Rate of diffusion approaches a maximum as the concentration of the
diffusing substance increases.

simple or facilitated diffusion

A

facilitated (downhill)

-REQUIRES CARRIER and CHANNEL

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6
Q

Glucose transporter that is activated by
insulin, which can increase the rate of diffusion of
glucose

GLUT 3 or GLUT 4

A

Glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4)

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7
Q

proportional to the
concentration on the outside minus
on the inside

net diffusion rate or precentage ?

A

net diffusion rate

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8
Q

Effect of membrane ELECTRICAL POTENTIAL on
diffusion of ions

Nernst Potential or power

A

Nernst Potential

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9
Q

the SUM OF ALL THE FORCES of the different
molecules striking a unit surface area at
a given instant

A

PRESSURE

-is about 20 mmHg greater inside the
capillary than outside

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10
Q

factor that determines how rapidly a substance diffuses
through the lipid bilayer

LIPID SOLUBILITY or water

A

LIPID SOLUBILITY

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11
Q

the RATE OF DIFFUSION of each of the substances through

the membrane is DIRECTLY proportional to its LIPID SOLUBILITY

A

substances that have high lipid solubility: CANO

hydrophobic solutes:
− oxygen
− nitrogen
− carbon dioxide
− alcohols
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12
Q

Permits only certain molecules to pass through

A

SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY

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13
Q

Determined by diameter of a pore and its electric
charge

selective or non-selective ?

A

SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY

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14
Q

form open tubes
through the membrane

pores or acne

A

PORES

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15
Q

Protein channel regulated by electric signals

voltage or ligand gated ?

A

voltage-gated channel

ANTIPORT

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16
Q

Protein channel regulated by chemicals that bind to
the channel proteins

voltage or ligand gated ?

A

ligand-gated

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17
Q

have inner channels that are lined
with amino acids that are strongly negatively charged

potassium or sodium channel

A

sodium channel

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18
Q

They were found to have
tetrameric structure consisting of four identical protein
subunits surrounding a central pole

potassium or sodium channel

A

potassium channel

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19
Q

from a solution with low solute to high solute concentration

osmosis or osmolality

A

osmosis

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20
Q

occurs from the pure water into the sodium chloride
solution
-determined by the number of particles
per unit volume of fluid

osmolality or osmotic pressure

A

osmotic pressure

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21
Q

unit used (in place of grams) to express the
concentration of a solution in terms of numbers of
particles

mole or osmole

A

osmole

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22
Q

normal osmolality of ECF and ICF

A

300 milliosmoles per

kilogram of water

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23
Q

the osmolar concentration expressed as osmoles
per liter of solution

osmolality or osmolarity?

A

osmolarity

24
Q

“uphill” against a
concentration gradient.

carrier-mediated

active or passive transport ?

A

active transport (uphill)

25
Q

Energy derived directly from breakdown of

ATP

A

primary active transport

26
Q

-two (2) binding sites for
potassium ions on the outside
-three (3) binding sites for sodium
ions on the inside of the cell

alpha or beta subunit

A

α subunit

27
Q

1 osmole of a substance

10-fold is about 1400 calories

A

caloreism

28
Q

represents a storehouse of
energy

sodium or potassium gradient

A

sodium gradient

29
Q

movement of sodium ions to the interior and

calcium ions to the exterior

A

sodium-calcium counter transport

30
Q

■ describes the ease with which a solute diffuses through a membrane.

permeability or trachea ?

A

permeability

depends on solute and membrane

31
Q

increases the solubility/ diffusion

A

↑ Oil/water partition coefficient

↓ Radius (size) of the solute

32
Q

Specific inhibitors of Na+
, K+
-ATPase

A

cardiac glycoside drugs ouabain and

digitalis.

33
Q

Ca2+ pump occurs in

A 
sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)
"serca"
34
Q

H+
, K+
-ATPase (or proton pump) in gastric parietal cells inhibitor

A

omeprazole

35
Q

coupled transport of 2 or more solute

primary or secondary

A

secondary active transport

36
Q 
Examples:
 Na+-glucose in small intestine and renal early proximal 
tubule
Na+–K+–2Cl–
  in renal thick ascending limb.
A

symport

37
Q

Example:
Na+-Ca2+ exchange and Na+
–H+ exchange.

A

antiport

38
Q

is a colligative property that can be measured by freezing point depression

OSMOSIS or OSMOLARITY

A

osmolaRITY

39
Q

the osmotic pressure created by proteins (e.g., plasma proteins).

A

Colloid osmotic pressure, or oncotic pressure

40
Q

number between zero and one

A

Reflection coefficient

41
Q

ONE reflection coefficient = IMpermeable

ex: serum albumin

A

zero = permeable (will not exert osmotic effect, no water flow)

ex: urea

42
Q

activation gate of the Na+ channel in nerve is opened by depolarization making it PERMEABLE (Upstroke)

A

resting membrane potential: −70 mV means 70 mV, cell negative.

  • result of the high resting conductance to K+
43
Q

opened or closed by hormones, second messengers, or
neurotransmitters

voltage or ligand gated?

A

ligand-gated

44
Q

generated across a membrane because of
concentration difference of an ion

osmosis or diffusion potential ?

A

diffusion potential

45
Q

difference between the actual membrane potential
and the ion’s equilibrium potential

driving force or driving lesson

A

Driving force

46
Q

occurs if there is a driving force on the ion and the membrane is permeable
to the ion.

CURRENT OR PAST FLOW

A

current flow

47
Q

makes the membrane potential less negative

depolarization or hyper ?

A

depolarization / inward current

48
Q

the action potential is inevitable.

grudge or threshold

A

threshold

49
Q

peak of the action potential when the membrane potential is positive.

overshoot or overdrive

A

overshoot

50
Q

block these voltage-sensitive Na+
channels and
abolish action potentials.

MEFENAMIC OR Tetrodotoxin (TTX) and lidocaine?

A

Tetrodotoxin (TTX) and lidocaine

51
Q

another action potential cannot be elicited

absolute or relative refractory period

A

absolute

52
Q

begins at the end of the absolute refractory period and continues until the membrane potential returns to the resting level

absolute or Relative

A

relative refractory period

-CAN be ELICIT

53
Q

sodium-potassium pump

calcium ion pump

Hydrogen / Potassium ion (Proton pump)

A

primary active transport

54
Q

(SGLT 2 inhibits..

sodium-gluc or PISO ?

A

o Na / Glucose symport

55
Q

 Main organ: LIVER (Uptake of LDL)
 Clathrin pull the membrane to create a pit.
 Endosome vesicle

A

o Receptor mediated endocytosis

56
Q

• Effect of Membrane Electrical Potential on Diffusion of Ions

nernst or ECG

A

o Nernst Potential

PHYSIOLOGY (3 decks)

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