Chapter 4 & 10- Fundamnetals of Biology & Marine Ecology

Question 1

Factors Affecting Distribution of Marine Organisms​

Answer 1

Salinity​

Temperature​

Surface to volume ratios​

Depth and pressure

Question 2

Increases as you move from shore to open ocean​

Dependent on the influence of fresh surface water​

Does not fluctuate much in the deep ocean below the halocline

Answer 2

Salinity

Question 3

Factors Affecting Distribution of Marine Organisms​

Answer 3

Salinity​

Temperature​

Surface-to-volume ratios​

Depth and pressure

Question 4

Movement of solutes (substances dissolved in water) from areas where they are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated​

Answer 4

Diffusion

Question 5

Movement of water from an area where it is more concentrated to an area where it is less concentrated​

Answer 5

Osmosis

Question 6

Their internal concentration varies as the salinity in the water around them changes.​

Do not attempt to control solute/water balance​

Most can only tolerate a very narrow range of salinities​

Answer 6

Osmoconformers

Question 7

Organisms that control their internal concentrations of solutes and water.​

This can be done in a variety of ways, like secreting very little urine or using specialized glands to secrete salts.​

Can generally tolerate a wider range of salinities than osmoconformers​

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Answer 7

Osmoregulators

Question 8

plays a large role in determining marine organism distribution.

Answer 8

Temperature

Question 9

Generate body heat metabolically but heat is rapidly lost so organisms cannot maintain a constant internal body temperature; it matches that of the surrounding environment.

Answer 9

Ectotherms

Question 10

Retain most metabolic heat, and body temperature stays higher that that of the surrounding environment.​

Answer 10

Endotherms

Question 11

Body temperature varies with the temperature of the surrounding environment​

Answer 11

Poikilotherms:

Question 12

Regulates body temperature so it does not vary as much as the temperature of the surrounding environment.​

Answer 12

Homeotherms

Question 13

Affects osmoregulation and temperature control.​

Also exchange of nutrients, waste, and gas with the environment.

Answer 13

Surface-to-Volume Ratio

Question 14

Individual​

Population​

Community​

Ecosystem​

Biome​

Answer 14

Marine Ecology

Question 15

Benthos, Nekton, and Plankton

Answer 15

Marine Environment and Zones

Question 16

live in or on the bottom​

sessile (attached) or move about on the bottom​

Intertidal zone – between high and low tide, exposed at least once a day ​

Subtidal zone – below the low tide level to edge of continental shelf (shelf break), always submerged​

Deep sea – bathyal, abyssal, and hadal zones beyond shelf break​

Answer 16

Benthos

Question 17

live in the water column ​

Plankton – drift with currents​

(phytoplankton + zooplankton)​

Nekton – swim to oppose currents​

Epipelagic zone is from the surface to 100-200 m; plenty of sunlight available to support primary production.​

Mesopelagic zone extends from lower limit of epipelagic to about 1000 m; reduced light.​

The bathypelagic, abyssopelagic, and hadopelagic zones are deep-sea zones where light does not penetrate. ​

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Answer 17

Pelagic Organism

Question 18

Nutrient Cycles in the Ocean

Answer 18

Carbon, Nitrogen and Phosphorus