Chapter 3- Chemical and Physical Features the World Oceans

Question 1

The colder the water, the closer the bonds are
heat capacity and solvent of chloride(-) =, sodium (+) NaCl

Answer 1

Chemistry

Question 2

Heat capacity increases
Density increases
Freezing point decreases
Temperature of maximum density decreases

Answer 2

As Salinity increases …..

Question 3

dissolution of calcite produces a calcium ion (Ca2+) and two bicarbonate ions (HCO3-). as more bicarbonate ions are added to seawater, this will drive Equation further to the left to produce more carbonic acid, which will act to buffer seawater.​

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Thus, the buffering capacity of the ocean, or its ability to resist a change in pH, is actually quite large. In general, the ocean contains around 38,000 gigatons (or 38 billion tons) of bicarbonate, carbonate, and carbonic acid. This means that the entire ocean can absorb a lot of CO2 without becoming too acidic.

Answer 3

Buffering by Carbonite dissolution

Question 4

Adding CO2 decreases pH
Removing CO2 increases pH

Answer 4

Effects of CO2 on pH

Question 5

Oxygen layer is depended on….

Answer 5

physical and biological processes

Question 6

the addition of bicarbonate increases pH and creates more carbonic acid, which acts as a buffer to seawater.
This limits the oceans ability to resist pH change, leading to a large absorption of CO2

Answer 6

CO2 Buffering

Question 7

Thermocline- Temperature
Halocline - Salinity
Pycnocline - Water Density

Answer 7

Conditions for Water Depth

Question 8

Water is also relatively transparent (one can see through it).​

This means that sunlight shining on the surface can penetrate the surface (crucial for the photosynthetic organisms living underwater).​

This level of penetration varies greatly depending on the amount of solutes in the water.

Answer 8

Light

Question 9

travels faster in water that is under greater pressure​
travels faster in warmer water

Speed of sound controlled by pressure in upper mixed layer due to uniform temperatures. Pressure increases so does speed of sound.

Answer 9

Sound

Question 10

The fact that still water is set in motion by wind implies that momentum associated with the moving air molecules is transmitted to the water molecules, setting them in motion.

Answer 10

Wind

Question 11

Northern Hemisphere- reflects to the right
Southern Hemisphere - reflects to the left
Circular patterns creates gyres

Answer 11

Corolist Effect

Question 12

Oceanic circulation is significantly driven by wind patterns.​

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Circulation can occur in the form of waves, tides, currents, and gyres.​

Answer 12

Surface Circulation

Question 13

Ekman LAyer, Ekman Spiral, and Ekman Transport

Friction on the ocean surface from the major wind fields of the atmosphere causes the sea surface to move, creating currents. All the major surface currents of the open ocean, in fact, are driven by the wind and ultimately by heat energy from the sun.

Answer 13

Surface Currents

Question 14

Upper part ocean that is affected by wind

Answer 14

Ekman Layer

Question 15

Because of the layered ocean and Coriolis effect

Answer 15

Ekman Spiral

Question 16

The idea that the Ekman layer moves at a 90-degree angle from the wind direction.

Answer 16

Ekman Transport

Question 17

Schematic representation of the Northeast Trade Winds and the Prevailing Westerlies that blow in the North Atlantic Ocean

Answer 17

Gyre Currents

Question 18

Surface, intermediate and bottom

Answer 18

Ocean Layers

Question 19

from surface to about 200 meters; this layer stays well mixed most of the year.

Answer 19

Surface layer

Question 20

from 200 – 1500 m; a sharp temperature change (thermocline) is located here (see Fig. 3.8). Less mixing occurs here.​

Answer 20

Intermediate Layer

Question 21

below 1500 m; low mixing and normally uniformly cold.

Answer 21

Bottom Layer

Question 22

come from currents that push deeper waters toward the surface.​

Answer 22

Upwelling

Question 23

brings gases from the surface to deeper layers
Due to salinity, water sinking

Answer 23

Downwelling

Question 24

Deep ocean circulation of warm and cold water

Answer 24

Great Oceans Conveyor Belt

Question 25

Waves are the result of wind blowing over the water’s surface.​
Size depends on fetch, wind speed and duration

Answer 25

Waves

Question 26

Highest point of the wave

Answer 26

CRest

Question 27

Lowest point of the wave

Answer 27

Trough

Question 28

The distance between twp crest/trough

Answer 28

wavelenght

Question 29

the time it takes for a wave to pass by a set point

Answer 29

wave period

Question 30

occurs when the crest of one wave meets the trough of another, and the sea surface ends up intermediate between the two. ​

Answer 30

Wave Cancellation

Question 31

occurs if the crests of two waves collide, they add together to produce a higher wave. ​

Answer 31

Wave Reinforcement

Question 32

caused by rouge reinforcement

Answer 32

Rouge Waves

Question 33

Circulation is also driven by tides.​

The tides are caused by the gravitational pull of the moon on the ocean waters (and to a lesser degree by the sun).​

In their simplest form, tides are single waves that stretch across the entire ocean.

Answer 33

TIdes